Perspectives of Development

Question 0

S. Freud: ________

E. Erikson: ________

Answer 0

Psychosexual

Psychosocial

Question 1

Focus on personality development and effects of conscious and unconscious mind on behavior and development

Answer 1

Psychoanalytic Theories

Question 2

Three components of personality which are in perpetual state of conflict

Answer 2

Id, Ego, and Superego

Question 3

Present at birth; below level of consciousness; basic instincts; pleasure principle

Answer 3

Id

Question 4

Develops after birth; moderates id’s wishes; reality principle

Answer 4

Ego

Question 5

Last to develop; ethical principles, ideals, and conscience; morality principle

Answer 5

Superego

Question 6

Mouth is the main source of pleasure; seeks oral gratification; birth-1.5 years old

Answer 6

Oral Stage

Question 7

Anus is the main source of pleasure; toilet training; 1.5-3 years old

Answer 7

Anal Stage

Question 8

This helps balance the need for anal gratification and society’s demand for being clean and neat

Answer 8

Toilet Training

Question 9

External genitalia is the main source of pleasure; emergence of superego; oedipal and elektra; 3-6 years old

Answer 9

Phallic Stage

Question 10

Same sex companions; increase social skills; onset of puberty; 6-12 years old

Answer 10

Latency Stage

Question 11

Surge of sexual hormones; unconscious recurrence of phallic stage, relationships with opposite sex; 12 years old and above

Answer 11

Genital Stage

Question 12

Hope

Overly trusting, gullibility, withdrawal, fearful toward others

Answer 12

Trust vs Mistrust

Question 13

Willpower

Impulsiveness, compulsiveness, insecurity, dependency

Answer 13

Autonomy vs Shame&Doubt

Question 14

Courage

Ruthlessness, sociopathy, inhibition

Answer 14

Initiative vs Guilt

Question 15

Competence

Narrow virtuosity, inferior complex

Answer 15

Industry vs Inferiority

Question 16

Fidelity

Fanaticism, repudiation

Answer 16

Identity vs Identity Confusion

Question 17

Love

Promiscuity, exclision

Answer 17

Intimacy vs Isolation

Question 18

Caring

Overextension, rejectivity

Answer 18

Generativity vs Stagnation

Question 19

Wisdom

Presumption, disdain

Answer 19

Integrity vs Despair

Question 20

Focus on observable conditions in environment and how they relate to observable behaviors

Answer 20

Behavioral and Social Learning Theories

Question 21

I. Pavlov: ________
B. F. Skinner: ________
A. Bandura: ________

Answer 21

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning

Question 22

Neutral stimuli cause a response through their association with stimuli that naturally elicits a response

Answer 22

Classical Conditioning

Question 23

Environment shapes all human behavior and that behaviors may be randomly emitted in response to an environmental stimulus

Answer 23

Operant Conditioning

Question 24

People operate on their environment, adjusting their behaviors to attract reinforcement and avoid punishment

Answer 24

Operant Conditioning

Question 25

Children at early stage in life imitate what they see and acquire a manner of speaking or doing as those of people around them

Answer 25

Social Learning (observational learning or modeling)

Question 26

Focus on how a person thinks and learns

Answer 26

Cognitive Theories