Perth

Question 1

Site of Perth

Answer 1

General:
Shaped by the Swan River, Indian Ocean and Darling Escarpment
Extent:
Yanchep to Mandurah, west of the Darling Escarpment
Landforms:
Swan Coastal Plain
Gnangara Mound
Height:
0-60m above sea level
Drainage:
Swan and Canning River; drains from Darling Scarp and empties into the Indian Ocean

Question 2

Situation of Perth

Answer 2

31°E 57°S
SW coast of Western Australia
CBD is 14 km west of the Darling Range
13 km inland from Indian Ocean
2716km from Adelaide – one of the most isolated cities in the world
Urban agglomeration/conurbation – merging with other settlements; Fremantle, Rockingham, Mandurah

Question 3

Perth - CBD location

Answer 3

Original settlement on north bank of Swan River, east of Mt Eliza
Bordered by Esplanade, St. Georges Terrace, Wellington Street, Victoria Ave, and Milligan Street

Question 4

Perth - CBD characteristics

Answer 4

Compact zone
Retail heart of the city
Concentration of offices
Highest land values 
Most intensive land uses
High daytime population
Pedestrian dominated 
High residential activity
Dynamic zone
Centripetal processes: access to central locations, therefore high yielding activities exist in the CBD
Vertical zonation 
Horizontal zonation (St. George’s Terrace – banking and insurance)

Question 5

Perth - IMZ location

Answer 5

Bordering CBD

Question 6

Perth - IMZ characteristics

Answer 6

Evidence of agglomeration
Consists of older suburbs of East Perth, Northbridge, West Perth
-Invasion of IMZ – South Perth, Vic Park
Mixture of intensive land uses (industrial, residential)
Congested area of urban blight – mostly cleared
Redevelopment project
Invasion and succession
Gentrification – eg. Joe White Maltings Factories

Question 7

Perth - Establish Residential location

Answer 7

Surrounds the IMZ

Mt Lawley, Subiaco, Nedlands

Question 8

Perth - Established Residential characteristics

Answer 8

Residential functions dominate
Diverse mixture of housing and people
Ribbon commercial & retail development on main roads (Beaufort Street)
Remnant corner delis
Special purpose land uses dispersed throughout zone (Balcatta, Osborne – industrial, Mt. Lawley – educational

Question 9

Perth - NGZ location

Answer 9

Kiara, Currambine, Darch, Brighton

Question 10

Perth - NGZ characteristics

Answer 10

Low density housing; project housing
Rural-urban fringe (Wanneroo)
Large-scale real-estate development & land releases (Mindarie)
Land prices lower than established suburbs (except Hillarys, Mindari)
Much vacant land
Young families dominate
Poor provision of services
Planned commercial and retail precinct (Southlands, Whitford City)

Question 11

Perth - Outer Business District location

Answer 11

Scattered through city

Located in accessible areas (transport nodes)

Question 12

Perth - Outer Business District characteristics

Answer 12

Form hierarchy:

• District zones (Cannington, Osborne Park)
• Regional shopping centres (Garden City, Carousel)
• District shopping centres (Cott, Claremont)
• Community shopping centres (Dewson’s shopping centre, South Freo)
• Neighbourhood shopping centres (Bateman village, Parry Ave, Bateman)
• Corner stores (Freo)

Question 13

Perth - Industrial Areas location

Answer 13

Established on planned industrial estates (Canningvale)

Question 14

Perth - Industrial Areas characteristics

Answer 14

Complex processing industries tend to agglomerate on the edge of city (Kwinana; oil, bauxite, nickel refineries)
Fabricating industries focus on industrial suburbs (Welshpool, Kewdale)
High value added industries (jewellery, clothing – often close to the CBD) eg. King’s Street

Question 15

Perth - RUF location

Answer 15

Quinns Rock, Port Kennedy, Baldivis

Question 16

Perth - RUF characteristics

Answer 16

Dynamic region
Outer Growth Zone
Invasion, succession & urban shadow; elimination of rural functions in RUF – expansion of residential and industrial activities have encroached on farmland
Centrifugal and centripetal processes – largely product of both forces
Mixture of land uses (market gardening – Wanneroo, vineyards – Guildford, Industrial – Canningvale)
Extensive urban land uses (Caversham – wildlife park)
Undesirable land uses (prisons – Canningvale)
Isolated pockets of new residential developments (Ellenbrook, Jane Brook) & hobby farms
Incomplete and untidy blighted appearance

Question 17

Perth - Special Purpose Areas location

Answer 17

Scattered in location

Question 18

Perth - Special Purpose Areas characteristics

Answer 18

Diversity of activities

• Education (UWA, Murdoch)
• Research and technology (Bentley)
• Medical institutions (PMH, KEMH)

Question 19

External morphology perth - transport routes

Answer 19

• Port at mouth of Swan River influenced original shape of city
• Major roads (Albany, G. Eastern HWY) shape city
  o Linear extensional along those routes
• Mitchell and Kwinana FWY – important for recent development

Question 20

External Morphology Perth - Functional Influences

Answer 20

Multifunctional
- Initial development – Perth as administrative centre and Freo as a port
- Attracted secondary and tertiary industries – further expansion (88% of WA population)
- Function as industrial centre = the establishment of industrial corridor expansion
o Located South of Freo to Rockingham – resulted in lower suburb development in the south, higher development in the north

Question 21

External Morphology Perth - cultural values

Answer 21

¼ acre block dream = large, sprawling city

• Desire to own your own house
• Sprawling city – spread over vast area
• Low urban density = large spread & semi-sellate pattern; willingness to travel increased sprawl
• High value on coastal and river lifestyle – accounts for the North-South elongation and high density housing near/along river

Question 22

Planning - Perth

Answer 22

Attempt to channel growth of the city in a particular way
- Involves State Government (Department of Planning and Infrastructure), local government
- 1829 – John Septimus Roe – grid pattern streets of CBD
- State Gov. Metropolitan regional planning:
o 1st – 1955 – Stephenson-Hepburn: restricting expansion, reserve areas for public open space
o 2nd – 1973 – Corridor Plan: results in visible on current external morphology

Question 23

Residential segregation

Answer 23

the tendency for population sub-groups to become concentrated in a particular area of the city
Distinct patterns can be identified on choropleths constructed from census data

Question 24

Age-Sex ratios - Perth

Answer 24

Reflects the age of the suburbs; older, inner suburbs (Nedlands, Claremont, Peppermint Grove) have a higher proportion of older & female residents (higher death-rate of males)
Strong social ties with others in the area, well provided for (services)
Aging population means some services (education) are under-utilised
Newer outer suburbs (Butler, Aubin Grove) have higher proportion of younger families (pre-school/primary aged kids), poor services
Social problems stemming from high levels of unemployment, lack of community facilities are common

Question 25

Socio-economic status - perth

Answer 25

Reflected in property values, architectural styles, housing quality High socio-economic areas – favourable site/situation (proximity to river views – Nedlands, Crawley, Dalkeith; coastal views – Cottesloe, City Beach; City views – Kalamunda, Gooseberry Hill; proximity to CBD/major shopping centres) High levels of owner-occupancy, professional backgrounds, higher educational qualification Low socio-economic areas – Less favourable site/situation (proximity to industrial areas – Kwinana, Wanneroo, Belmont; greater distance from CBD – rural-urban fringe; further inland on coastal plain; subsidised government housing – Girrawheen, Coolbellup) Higher levels of rental occupancy, higher unemployment, large number of low-income earners, low levels of tertiary education, dominance of blue-collar workers

Question 26

Ethnicity - Perth

Answer 26

Race, birthplace and culture Perth is classified as a cosmopolitan city – 59.6% born in Australia, 38.5% both parents born in Australia, 46.4% both parents born overseas Proportions – 28.8% English, 23.1% Australian, 6.4% Irish; post WWII saw influx of migrants from Italy, Greece; 70s-80s South East Asia immigration; 90s South Africa and New Zealand Government encouraging migration for China, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Indonesia to study – higher proportions of migrants in Bently (Curtin), Nedlands (UWA), Joodalup (ECU); accounts for the high degree of rental properties (60.4% rentals in Bentley) Ethnic Clustering Occurs to overcome language difficulties, gain sense of security, social contacts, access to special services etc. Greek Community - Northbridge, North Perth – migrated during 30s-50s, set up first Greek Orthodox Churches; large proportion moved to Balcatta, Stirling – still large percentage of Greek heritage in the area Italians – Fremantle Croatians – Spearwood Malaysian/Chinese - Winthrop Vietnamese - Highgate

Question 27

Nature of Congestion - Perth

Answer 27

Usually concerned with transport when there is so much traffic it stops/slows down the movement

Question 28

Scope of Congestion - Perth

Answer 28

Major roads leading to Perth most of the roads as they lead to the central node of Perth Freeways

Question 29

Cause of Congestion - Perth

Answer 29

Congestion is a major problem in Perth particularly travelling into the CBD (central node, all public transport leads into CBD)

Question 30

Implications of Congestion - Perth

Answer 30

Pollution – photochemical smog GHG emissions are 2-3 times more than those of European cities per capita Wasted time, fuel, parking problems, traffic noise, stress (health)

Question 31

Nature of Housing - Perth

Answer 31

Lack of housing diversity has led Perth to have a large extent of low density living To accommodate the estimated 3.5 mill by 2050, 800 000 new homes will be constructed to accommodate

Question 32

Scope of Housing Problems - Perth

Answer 32

78% detached dwellings, 12% semi-detached, 9% apartments

Question 33

Cause of Housing Problems - Perth

Answer 33

Cultural perceptions – 4x2 houses, ¼ blocks, suburban living

Question 34

Implications of lack of housing diversity - Perth

Answer 34

Desire for larger houses drive people into NGZ, RUF – lack of infrastructure

Question 35

Nature of Urban Sprawl - Perth

Answer 35

The low-density outwards growth of urban areas into surrounding rural area of natural bushland

Question 36

Scope of Urban Sprawl - Perth

Answer 36

Perth stretches from Mandurah & Yanchep (120km, covers 5300sq km) Least sustainable of Australia’s 20 biggest cities

Question 37

Cause of Urban Sprawl - Perth

Answer 37

Cultural desires – ¼ acre blocks WA has largest average-size homes in the world – average 245sq m 78% of housing is in detached dwellings

Question 38

Implications of Urban Sprawl - Perth

Answer 38

Car use dependency Demand for new infrastructure and services Encroachment into other land use zones

Question 39

Nature of Transportation - Perth

Answer 39

Transport modes and patterns of locations of those modes show how the area functions and what land uses are important

Question 40

Scope of Transport - Perth

Answer 40

CBD – higher proportion of footpaths, cycling paths, public transport RUF – car dependency, less access to public transport, footpaths and cycling paths

Question 41

Cause of Transport - Perth

Answer 41

Provision of footpaths/cycling paths where they are more likely to be utilised – connecting to retail hubs etc, around river, in CBD Public transport where there is high demand – means those further out (Ellenbrook) miss out

Question 42

Implications of Transport - Perth

Answer 42

Inequality of provision of services

Question 43

Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Congestion (Perth)

Answer 43

Business owners – less time in traffic = higher productivity Commuters – less stress, better mental health Government – less expense; crashes, emissions,

Question 44

Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Transportation (Perth)

Answer 44

- Direction 2031 - Cycling WA - City of Perth – light rail, move towards sustainable modes of transport (not cars), pedestrial oriented, cycling city – improving bike paths etc, less parking, more expensive, better accessibility to train stations, more parking - Local government - City Link Perth – seamless public transport

Question 45

Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Urban Sprawl (Perth)

Answer 45

Local Government – can utilise existing infrastructure Residents – closer to services Farmers – further expansion threatens farmland on RUF Conservationists – ecosystems are protected from damage from expansion