Pg 1-7

Question 1

Morphology

Answer 1

the rules for word formation and structure

Question 2

Word formation

Answer 2

dual meanings in linguistics

these meanings must be separated

Question 3

Etymology

Answer 3

the study of the “original” and “true” meanings of words

history of words

Question 4

T/F: Words change over time.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

In what aspects do words change? (2)

Answer 5

1. Formal (spelling, morpho-syntactic features, pronunciation)
2. Meaning

Question 6

How do french inflect nouns for plurals?

Answer 6

with sibilants (s,z)

Question 7

The various plural forms began to disappear in favor of what?

Answer 7

Modern English Plurals

- sibilant allomorphs (s, z, es)

Question 8

Allomorph

Answer 8

a variant form of a morph/morphemes

Question 9

Phonologically conditioned allomorph

Answer 9

variation in sounds occurs for phonological reasons

differences in sounds between the plurals

Question 10

Process of word formation (2)

Answer 10

1. Back-formation

2. Foreign borrowing

Question 11

Back-formation

Answer 11

morphological process wherein a base form of the word is derived from an exiting word form that appears to be derived or inflected form, though in fact, it is also a base form.

happens within one language

Nouns to verbs

Question 12

Foreign Borrowing

Answer 12

extremely common process of word formation occurs when foreign words or phrases are borrowed into a language.

Question 13

English is replete with borrowings from ___?

Answer 13

Latin through French

Question 14

Cases of Foreign borrowing (2)

Answer 14

1. Original meaning and structure are preserved

2. Foreign syllables are reanalyzed and/or the meaing is changed

Question 15

What is lexicalized?

Answer 15

sound sequence become automatically linked with the concept.

Question 16

T/F: Linguists do not consider such changes to be mistakes, nor harbingers of “corruption”.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

T/F: Linguists accept reanalysis as a natural morphological process that is inevitable since every new speaker of language literally reproduces his/her morphological system from scratch, in accordance with universal rules.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Dual perspective of language needed for?

Answer 18

to account for the morphological facts.

Question 19

Diachronic (historical) perspective

Answer 19

study of language over time

May also be: study of historical changes in langauge

Looks at langauge as an entity in its own right and considers word formation to be a historical process that is still in progress ans which has many accidental aspects.

Question 20

Synchronic Perspective

Answer 20

study language that is focused on NS knowlede of a language.

Only concerned with Native Speaker Knowledge

Question 21

Native Speaker Knowledge

Answer 21

procedural knowledge that speakers have of their language at any point in time.

does not include historical facts about language.

Question 22

NS knowledge arises as a result of?

Answer 22

unconcious analysis of current forms in the language.

Question 23

Descriptive morphology

Answer 23

ignores interesting historical facts and simply classify the words as ordinary nouns.

Question 24

T/F: It is possible to study historical linguistics from within a generative framework by considering different historical periods as successive, linked synchronic epochs.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

what is the generative morphology from synchronic perspective concern?

Answer 25

On synchronic patterns of English morphology and how they relate to universal grammar.

Question 26

What is the goal of Generative languists?

Answer 26

to charactize NS knowledge of language in specific terms to contruct a descriptive grammar.

Question 27

what is the underlying assumption in generative linguistic?

Answer 27

that all grammars are derived from universal rules.

Question 28

morphology

Answer 28

as an abstract system

Question 29

Abstract system

Answer 29

unattached to any particular language

Question 30

Universal Grammar (UG)

Answer 30

the underlying system of language principles that is assumed to be genetically inherited natural rules and processes that govern language acquisition and use.

Question 31

Lexicon

Answer 31

interacts with the rules of morphology, but that the particular rules of morphology each language adopts can vary.

Question 32

What is one general way of characterizing the variety in the words languages with respect to morphology?

Answer 32

Terms of richness of morphology

Question 33

what is rich?

Answer 33

degree to which the language employs morphological marking to express semantic or grammatical content

Question 34

What is the working assumption in linguistics?

Answer 34

all languages are roughly equivalent in expressive power.

Question 35

T/F: Languages distribute the burdens of expressiveness in different ways.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

In what ways do Languages distribute the burdens of expressiveness?

Answer 36

some languages rely more or morphology and other on syntax (phrase structure, word order)

Question 37

What is the relationship between Morphology and Syntax?

Answer 37

the richer the morphological system, the freer- and therefore- simpler, the syntactic system and vice versa.