Pg15-27

Question 1

Morphologically complex

Answer 1

meaning they have words that combine lots of morphemes.

Question 2

Morphologically simple

Answer 2

meaning that they usually do not combine morphemes within words

Question 3

Language with the simplest morphological system would have no ____.

Answer 3

morphology at all.

Question 4

Spanish & English both use morphology to express:

also, express grammatical info:

Answer 4

tense, aspects, or plurality

tense, case, gender, mood

Question 5

Inflectional suffix

Answer 5

to alter the tense or aspect of the sentence

Question 6

Language with almost NO morphology

Answer 6

Mandarin Chinese

Question 7

How to read transcription:

• 1st line:
• 2nd line:
• 3rd line:

Answer 7

1st: object language
2nd: morpheme by morpheme translation
3rd: semantic translation; metalanguage

Question 8

Object language

Answer 8

language being analyzed or commented on.

The language under analysis

Question 9

Metalanguage

Answer 9

language used for analysis.

The language one uses to perform analysis (on an object language)

Question 10

isolating

Answer 10

language that has little or no morphological marking

Question 11

polysynthetic

Answer 11

Language that marks most or all grammatical functions on word forms

Question 12

analytic language

Answer 12

Language that marks grammatical function primarily through syntax

Question 13

synthetic language

Answer 13

employs morphology more than syntax to indicate grammatical relations.

Question 14

analytic/synthetic Continuum

Answer 14

Continuum that typologists use to classify languages according to morphological “richness.”

Question 15

English closer to:

Spanish closer to:

Answer 15

isolating/analytic

synthetic

Question 16

Main division in the chart

and most important distinction among morphemes

Answer 16

Lexical/ Semantic

Grammatical/ Functional

Question 17

All morphemes can be classified as either

Answer 17

bound or free

root and affix

Question 18

The subdivisions that fall below the Lexical/semantic vs. Grammatical functional distinction are essentially?

Answer 18

a consequence of variation in morphology allowed by UG

Question 19

Most important division:

Answer 19

Lexical (or semantic) morphemes are morphemes that carry info about the world.

Question 20

Grammatical/ functional morphemes carry

Answer 20

little or no semantic information but rather, give instruction for how the lexical items are to be related to each other or interpreted with respect to features such as tense/aspect, person, number, or grammatical function (subject, object).

Question 21

Open class ( which are & definition)

Answer 21

Lexical morphemes

new members can always be added

Question 22

Closed class( which are& definition)

Answer 22

Grammatical morphemes

grammatical items rarely enter or leave a language

Question 23

How is grammar encoded?

Answer 23

encoded genetically by UG.

Question 24

Free and Bound what does it refer to:

Answer 24

to whether a morpheme can occur by itself as a word or not.

Question 25

Most derivation and inflection are what?

Answer 25

they are bound affixes

Question 26

most root, though not all are what?

Answer 26

Free

Question 27

Roots what does it carry? Roots are sometimes called ?

Answer 27

main morphemes in a word. carry the semantics of words Stem

Question 28

Stem

Answer 28

is a word without inflectional suffix

Question 29

All roots are___ but not all _ are __-

Answer 29

stems stems roots

Question 30

circumfixes

Answer 30

segments around the word

Question 31

Characteristics of Inflection (5)

Answer 31

- low semantic content - high productivity - high regularity - obligatoriness - the tendency to appear at the periphery of words.

Question 32

What other two important characteristics does inflection have?

Answer 32

- carry grammatical info | - does not change syntactical category.

Question 33

Characteristics of Derivations (4)

Answer 33

- high semantic content - low productivity - irregular - the tendency to appear close to the root

Question 34

What other two important characteristics does Derivation have?

Answer 34

- carry semantic info that frequently alters the meanings of the roots they attach to. - changes syntactical category.

Question 35

Productivity

Answer 35

the degree to which a native speaker can apply a morpheme to new forms or sentences.

Question 36

Transparency

Answer 36

the degree to which native speakers understand a given morpheme.

Question 37

-ceive is a what

Answer 37

bound morpheme

Question 38

Language in functional terms?

Answer 38

system for communicating among humans

Question 39

Humans are limited physiologically, in terms of their what?

Answer 39

5 senses

Question 40

Cognitive Limites (3)

Answer 40

1. limitations of serial processing 2. Categorical perception 3. Temporal perception

Question 41

Serial processing

Answer 41

processing one unit at a time in a sequence

Question 42

modes what are they?

Answer 42

various cognitive channels ``` visual auditory olfactory linguistics kinesthetic ```

Question 43

Categorical perception

Answer 43

we make sense out of the world by grouping things into broad categories.

Question 44

Temporal Perception

Answer 44

perceive the world in time

Question 45

How human perception affects language design?

Answer 45

combining serial processing, categorical perception, and temporal perception shapes language

Question 46

How does combining serial processing, categorical perception, and temporal perception shapes language?

Answer 46

1. Requires a lexicon that can correspond to the categories of thing and events human perceive. 2. Requires a method for representing the relationship among those lexical items.

Question 47

____ helps with the presentation of one lexical item at a time and recovering the relationships among these items

Answer 47

Grammar