Pharamcology study Flashcards

(34 cards)

1
Q

Distribution?

A

Drug moves from blood to tissues (affected by perfusion, membrane crossing ability, protein binding and volume of distribution) /Distribution is the process by which a drug is dispersed throughout the body’s blood and tissues. After a drug enters into systemic circulation by absorption or direct administration, it will pass from vascular spaces to tissues where a drug-receptor interaction will occur, creating the effect of the drug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does Metabolism work?

A

Metabolism is the enzymatic conversion of a drug into a metabolite. This process is crucial for making drugs more easily eliminated from the body by increasing their water solubility, thus facilitating their excretion through urine or bile. (Liver mainly transforms drugs (phase 1= cyp450 oxidation/reduction; Phase 2 = conjugation))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Excretion?

A

Drug excretion is the removal of drugs from the body, either as a metabolite or unchanged drug. There are many different routes of excretion, mainly the urine and bile. The most important organs for excretion are the kidney and liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

First pass Metabolism?

A

drug metabolism at a specific location in the body which leads to a reduction in the concentration of the active drug before it reaches the site of action or systemic circulation. (Drugs like GTN lose potency via liver first-pass effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bio-availability

A

The ability of a drug to be absorbed and used by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Volume of distribution (Vd)

A

How extensively a drug distributes into body tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Receptors

A

Where drugs act
Ligand-gated ion channels - Fast (nicotinic)
GPCRs- Seconds (adrenergic, muscarinic)
Enzyme-linked - = hours
Nuclear - Gene transcription (slowest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Affinity

A

How strongly a drug binds to a receptor (high affinity means lower dose needed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

efficacy

A

the ability to trigger a response after binding (maxim response achievable from a drug, measured by E max (the maximal effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Potency

A

Dose needed for maximal effect (higher potency=lower dose needed) (measured by EC50- the concentration that produces 50% of the maximal effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Therapeutic index (IT)

A

Wider=safer (panadol) Narrow=Risky (warfarin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Agonists

A

Activates receptors (full, partial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

antagonists

A

Block receptors (competitive or non-competitive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inverse agonists

A

A compound that binds to and prevents constitutive receptor activity in the absence of an agonist (Produce opposite affects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2nd pass metabolism (phase 2)

A

Phase II metabolism, the second stage of drug metabolism in which a drug is conjugated with an endogenous molecule, increasing its water solubility and facilitating excretion. This contrasts with phase I, where a drug is modified, often by enzymes like cytochrome P450s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glucose can be found in different forms, what are they?

A

Monosaccharides (mono=1) - simplest form of carbohydrates/sugar. cannot be broken down (e.g glucose gel)
Disaccharides (di=2) double sugar formed glucose and frutose.
polysaccardis (poly=multiple) complex carbohydrates.

17
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions like, HR, digestion, respiration and pupil size. Its divided into the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

18
Q

Receptor effect? (mnemonic ABCD - a, always constricts, B alsways Dilates)

A

Alpha 1 receptors – affect Arteries (vasoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction)
Alpha 2 - affect brain and peripheral (neurotransmitter realease)
Beta1 – affects heart (increasing heart rate and contractility)
Beta2 – affects Bronchidilation - (widening of airways)

19
Q

what is somatic nervous system?

A

somatic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary movements of the body via the the use of skeletal muscles. As well as specialized sensory receptors for detecting information within and outside the body

20
Q

what functions are the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

it is responsible for all the functions we are aware of and can consciously influence. this includes movement of arms, legs and other parts of our body. The somatic senses (mechanoreception, thermoreception and pain) are the mechanisms by which sensory information is gathered (are distinct from the special senses. (V,H,T,S,Equilibrium)

21
Q

what factors affect absorption?

A
  1. route of administration: oral drugs go through 1st pass metabolism by the liver whereas IV bypass this process.
  2. Solubility: lipid-soluble drugs cross membranes more easily
  3. PH: Drugs better absorbed in certain environments (like acidic drugs - stomach)
  4. Blood flow: More blood flow increases absorption
  5. surface area: The small intestine’s large surface area allows for better absorption than the stomach.
  6. Contact time: Gastrointestinal motility, faster transit time (e.g., in diarrhea) can reduce absorption.
22
Q

what are the three Types of Glucose in Treatment?

A
  1. Glucose gel, is a simple form of pure sugar that is absorbed quickly. (must be able to self administer).
  2. Glucose 10% - Symptomatic hypoglycaemia (with the inability to self-administer oral glucose). It is a sugar that is the principle energy source for body cells, espically the brain.
  3. Glucagon - is a hyperglycaemic agent that mobilizes hepatic (liver) glycogen. it is essential a hormone that raises blood glucose levels. we give this when that patient has the inability to self administer oral glucose
23
Q

what is the Asthma pathway?

A
  1. exposed to allergen, cold air or exercise
  2. immune activates, mast cells release histamine.
  3. Bronchoconstrication, narrows airways
  4. inflammation, worsens obstruction
24
Q

treatment of asthma?

A
  1. Sulbutamol: Rapid B2 agonist (causes bronchodilation in the lungs)
  2. Ipratropium: Anticholingeric (also a brochodilater)
25
what does your management plan look like?
1.Provisional Diagnosis: Based on symptoms/vitals. 2. Indications: Why you’re giving the drug. 3. Mechanism of Action: How the drug works. 4. Contraindications: When NOT to give. 5. Precautions: What to monitor. 6. Side Effects: Expected adverse events. 7. Link to Pathophysiology: Explain why the drug helps the underlying problem
26
Pharmacodynamics?
The study of the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular effects of drugs on the body (what a drug does to the body)
27
Pharmacokinetics?
The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs by the body. (what the body does to the drug or how the drug is process by the body)
28
Zero order Kinetics?
reactions where the rate is not affected by the concentration of the drug used. In other words, the rate of the reaction is constant, regardless of how much reactant is present e.g phenytoin
29
First-order kinetics?
First-order kinetics describe the elimination rate, the rate of elimination is proportional to the drug's concentration. This means that the higher the drug concentration, the faster the elimination rate. Most drugs are eliminated through first-order kinetics (water in a barrel)
30
Hypovolemic shock
Primary Problem: Decreased central venous pressure (CVP) due to volume loss. • Treatment: Rapid intravenous fluid resuscitation to restore preload and maintain perfusion. • Vasopressors: May be used temporarily if hypotension is profound. • Inotropes: Not indicated; may worsen tachycardia.
31
32
Cardiogenic shock
Primary Problem: Decreased cardiac output due to pump failure. • Treatment: Inotropes to improve contractility and support cardiac output. • Intravenous Fluids: Not indicated; may worsen pulmonary congestion. • Vasopressors: Generally contraindicated.
33
Obstructive shock
Primary Problem: Mechanical obstruction to circulation. • Treatment: Relieve the obstruction (e.g., needle thoracostomy for tension pneumothorax). • Response to Fluids/Vasopressors/ Inotropes: Often minimal or short-lived
34
Distributive shock
Primary Problem: Decreased systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Treatment: Vasopressors to restore vascular tone and maintain perfusion pressure. Intravenous Fluids: Required due to concurrent hypovolemia or maldistribution of fluids. Inotropes: May be helpful in patients with sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy.