Pharm 1 Final Flashcards
(93 cards)
What are the 3 properties of an ideal drug?
1) Effectiveness: Most important. Does is to what its supposed to.
2) Safety: Doesn’t produce harmful effects, even in high doses.
3) Selectivity: Only does what its supposed to do.
Pharmacokinetics
How the body acts on the drugs.
What is the 4 pharmacokinetic process?
1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) metabolism
4) excretion
Pharmacodynamics
The impact of the drugs on the body.
What is the Nursing process in drug therapy?
ADPIE
A - Assessment. Collect data. Provides foundation
D - Diagnosis. (nurse diagnosis).
P - Plan.
I - Implement. Carry out and record outcomes.
E - Evaluation. Determines degree of tx success.
Controlled Substance Act…
-The lower the number the, the higher the abuse, the tighter the control.
-The higher the number, the lower the abuse, the looser the control.
I - Has no medical use in US. (heroin)
II - Used in US, potential for abuse.
How many names does each drug have, and what are they?
1) Chemical: chemistry nomenclature.
2) Generic: Each drug has ONE generic name.
3) Trade Name: (brand name). Created by drug company and easier to remember. Must be FDA approved.
What are the problems with the generic drug name?
Generic: Too many syllables. Difficult to pronounce, remember, not used much.
What are the problems with the Trade name?
One drug with multiple names.
What’s the problem with OTC drugs?
Active ingredients can change without changing the trade name.
What is absorption?
Movement of drug from the site of administration into the blood.
What is distribution?
Movement of drug from blood into the interstitial space of tissues and then into the cells.
What is Metabolism?
Enzymatically mediated alteration of the drug structure.
What is Excretion?
Movement of drugs and metabolites out of the body.
What are the 3 ways cells cross membranes?
1) Channels/Pores: These are small and very few things pass through. Most drugs have a molecular weight of 300-500 and these only allow about 200 MW.
2) Transport systems: Carriers that move drugs from one side of the cell membrane to the othwer. Some use energy, some don’t. These are selective. (ex. P-glycoprotein)
3) *Direct membrane penetration: Most Common! Resort to this because drugs are too large to pass through channels. To do this, drugs must be Lipophilic.
What factors effect absorption?
- Rate of dissolution.
- Surface area.
- Blood flow.
- Lipid solubility.
- pH partitioning. (if one side of membrane is more acidic, basic drugs will be drawn to it).
What are the barriers, patterns, advantages, and disadvantages to the IM route?
- Barriers: Capillary wall –> insignificant.
- Patterns: Depends on water solubility and blood flow.
- Advantages: Depot preparations = absorbed over long period so it lowers # of injections.
- Disadvantages: Discomfort. Inconvenient. Local tissue injury, nerve damage, bleeding risk.
What are the barriers, patterns, advantages, and disadvantages to the PO route?
- Barriers: Layer of epithelial cells, the capillary wall. P-glycoproteins transporting drugs back out of the cell.
- Patterns: Depends on pH of stomach, solubility, food in gut etc…
- Advantages: Easy, convenient, inexpensive, safer.
- Disadvantages: Variability, inactivation from stomach, patient has to remember to do it, local irritation.
What are the barriers, advantages, and disadvantages to the IV route?
- Barriers: None
- Advantages: Rapid onset. Know exactly how much in system. Permits use of fluid and irritant drugs.
- Disadvantages: Difficult. Need provider/equipment. Irreversible, fluid overload, embolism.
What are the barriers, patterns, advantages, and disadvantages to the SQ route?
Nearly identical to IM
What happens if a drug binds to Albumin which is always in the blood stream?
The drug will have no effect. Albumin is 69,000 MW and because its so big it cant leave the blood stream.
What is a drug half life?
The amount of time it takes a drug in the body to decrease by 50%. When the amount of drug being administered reaches the amount of drug being eliminated, plateau will have been reached.
How many half life’s does it take for a drug to reach its plateau?
4
Maximal Efficacy?
The point to where, even if you give more drug, it wont have an effect.
