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Applied Human Anatomy > Pharm > Flashcards

Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What are schedule 1 drugs and examples?

A

high potential for abuse and not accepted medical use in the US
Ex. Heroin, LSD, MDMA, marijuna

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2
Q

What are schedule ll drugs and examples?

A

high potential for abuse with severe physical or psychological dependence; currently accepted use in the US
Ex. fentanyl, oxycodone, methyphendiate, hydrocodone, amphetamine, cocaine

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3
Q

What are schedule lll drugs and examples?

A

Intermediate abuse potential with moderate to low physical or psychological dependance
Ex. steroids, testosrone, ketamine

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4
Q

What are schedule lV drugs and examples?

A

Low abuse potential with limited physical or phychological dependence
Ex. Diazepam (Valium), alprazolam, tramadol

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5
Q

What are schedule V drugs and examples?

A

lowest abuse potential
Ex. pregabalin, dipheoxylate/atropine, dextromethorphan

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6
Q

A pharmacist can not dispense a schedule ll controlled subsance without what?

A

a written or electronic presciption

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7
Q

Prescriptions for controlled substances are limited to?

A

a 72-hr supply or 7 day under special circumstances

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8
Q

What is the leading enforcement agency at the state level?

A

the board of pharmacy

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9
Q

What are the phases of a new drug research?

A
  1. discovery - new drugs developed by new insights or technolgies etc
  2. development- compounds are tested for potential benefit
  3. Pre clinical studies- laboratory research on animals (3 types)
  4. clinical research testing - human research broken into 4 phases
    5 Drug approval by FDA after several month review
  5. New drug application
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10
Q

What are the three types of pre clinical research testing?

A
  1. Silico testing- experiments performed by a computer; virtual pharmacokinetics/ pharmcodynamics
  2. vitro testing- test tube/ laboratory dishes, reduces need for animal testing, does not mimic human complex systems
  3. vivo testing- medical test, experiment, or procedure done in a living organism, animal studies required, best to determine how a body wil respond, may have unexpected toxicities
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11
Q

What are the clinical research phases? (4)

A
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12
Q

What is a side effect?

A

mild, expected
self-limiting
helpful or harmful
does not hinder main affects of the drug
Ex. nose bleed from aspirin; hair growth from minoxidil

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13
Q

What is an adverse reaction?

A

unexpected, severe life-threatening
requires treatment
never desired
can hinder the main effects of the drug and cause more complications
ex. hair loss from chemo
birth defects from thalidomide

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14
Q

Define intolerance

A

patient unable to tolerate known side effects of a medication; not immune mediated
ex. nausea, diarrhea, dizziness

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15
Q

Define allergy

A

immune-mediated abnormal response to a medication; a type of hypersenitivity reaction
ex. hives, itching, lip tingling

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16
Q

Define anaphylaxis

A

a serious, life threatening allergic response
ex. wheezing, hives, difficulty breathing, swelling, of tongue or throat

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17
Q

Define wide therapeutic index

A

a larger window between a large dose and toxicity

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18
Q

define narrow therapeutic index

A

a small window between a a increased dose and toxicity

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19
Q

Define additive

A

combined response is equal to the combined responses of the individual drugs

20
Q

Define synergic

A

combined response is greater than the combine responses of the individual drugs

21
Q

define antagonism

A

drug inhibits the effects of another (opioids and naloxone)

22
Q

What is the purpose of REMS?

A

to improve communication and safety

23
Q

Define half life

A

time it takes to reduce the plasma concentration of a drug by 50%

24
Q

onset of action

A

time to produce effects

25
Q

duration of action

A

length of time drug produces effects

26
Q

define absorption

A

transfer of medication from site of administration to the systemic circulation

27
Q

oral medications are primarily absorbed where?

A

small intestine

28
Q

define bioavailabilty

A

porportion of unchanged drug administered that reaches the systemic circulation; percent absorbed from the site of administration

29
Q

What are the factors that impact disruption?

A
  1. size/polarity of drug
  2. protein binding- mainly bind to albumin
  3. special membranes - blood brain barrier; blood-placental membrane
  4. body composition
30
Q

What is tthe cytochrome P450 enzyme?

A

enzymes that are membrane bound hemoproteins that are important in detoxification. metabolism, and homeostasis.

31
Q

What are P450 inducers?

A

speed up the metabolism of a drug. increase excretion of medication

32
Q

what are P450 inhibitors?

A

slow down drug metabolism, decrease excretion, and increase drug build up
ex. grapefruit juice

33
Q

Two medications substrates metabolized by the same enzyme will _

A

-have difficulty metabolizing at the same time
-slows the metabolism of one or both medications
- increased drug concentration and toxicity may result

34
Q

What happens when you combine a medication substrate and inducer?

A

inducer will increase the metabolism of the substrate - decreasing the concentration of the substrate

35
Q

What happens when you combine a medication substrate and a inhibitor?

A

inhibitor will decrease the metabolism of the substrate; increasing the concentration of the substrate

36
Q

define affinity

A

how strongly the drug binds to a receptor

37
Q

define potency

A

amount of drug needed to produce an effect
high affinity= high potency

38
Q

if a drug has high affinity it needs lower?

A

lower dose needed to elicit response

39
Q

define intrinsic activity

A

ability of drug to activate receptors once bound

40
Q

define efficacy/emax

A

mmaximal effect a drug can produce

41
Q

define agonist

A

drug that mimics the action of a ligand by binding to and activating a receptor

42
Q

define antagonist

A

drug that binds to a receptor without activating it; decreases the receptors ability to be ativated by another agonist

43
Q

define full agonist

A

bind to and activate all receptors and have increased intrinisic factor

44
Q

define partial agonist

A

bind to all receptors but have decrease intrinsic factor

45
Q

define desensitization/tachphylaxis

A

rapid, can occur with initial dose

46
Q

define tolerance

A

gradual, MC with repeated dose

47
Q

What are the 5 abbreviations we can not use when writing a perscription?

A
  1. U for unit
  2. IU for international unit
  3. Q.D or Q.OD. for once daily or every other day
  4. Trailing zero ex. 10.0 mg
  5. MS, MSO4, MgSO4 for morphine sulfate and magnesium sulfate

Applied Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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