Pharm 3 Lecture

Question 1

What are the 2 components of the PNS?

Answer 1

Efferent Division

Afferent Division

Question 2

What are the 2 components of the Efferent Division?

Answer 2

Autonomic System

Somatic System

Question 3

What are the 3 components of the Autonomic System?

Answer 3

Enteric
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic

Question 4

Afferent Nerves

Answer 4

Carry sensory information form parts of the body to the brain for processing; reflex signaling arcs such as carotid bodies

Question 5

Efferent Nerves

Answer 5

Carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord; also known as motor nerves
“Exits brain”

Question 6

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 6

Involuntary or automatic response of the PNS. Regulates the cardiopulmonary and digestive systems; divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Use feedback arcs, works with endocrine system; ANS uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters; Endocrine uses hormones

Question 7

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 7

Controls skeletal muscles during voluntary movement and is under conscious control

One junction system; stimulus via single nerve axon to synapse (NMJ); neurotransmitter pass signal to brain

Question 8

What is the neurotransmitter substance found in the somatic system?

Answer 8

Ach

Question 9

Ganglia

Answer 9

clusters of nerve cell bodies lying outside the CNS; journeys from the brain to the first junction or synapse

Question 10

What are the neuroeffector transmitters for sympathetic and parasympathetic branches?

Answer 10

Parasympathetic- ACh

Sympathetic- NE

Question 11

Carotid Bodies Reflex Arc

Answer 11

Detects pressure changes, relaying that information to the brain to maintain homeostasis

Question 12

2 Parts of ENS

Answer 12

Myenteric Plexus (Plexus of Auerbach)
Submucous Plexus (Plexus of Meissner)

Question 13

Enteric Nervous System

Answer 13

Semiautonomous part of ANS in the GI tract; send sensory input to parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system and receives motor output from them

Question 14

What are sweat glands controlled by?

Answer 14

Sympathetic; neuroeffector transmitter is ACh (doesn’t follow trend)

Question 15

Is SNS or PNS more focused?

Answer 15

Normally work in opposition of each other; but SNS is much broader and PNS is much more narrowly focused

Question 16

How is blood pressure controlled?

Answer 16

Almost exclusively by SNS

Question 17

Cholinergic

Answer 17

release ACh

Question 18

Which neurons are cholinergic?

Answer 18

All preganglionic neurons
Parasympathetic postganglionic
Somatic neurons

Question 19

Adrenergic

Answer 19

release NE

Question 20

What neurotransmitters help modulate synaptic transmission?

Answer 20

ATP, vasoactive intestinal peptide, enkephalins, neurotensin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, substance P

Question 21

Cholinergic Neuron Receptor Types

Answer 21

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

Question 22

Adrenergic Neuron Receptor Types

Answer 22

Alpha adrenergic
Beta adrenergic
Dopaminergic adrenergic

Question 23

What are the most primitive parts of the brain?

Answer 23

Medulla Oblongata

Midbrain

Question 24

What is the #1 cardiovascular variable your body seeks to auto-regulate?

Answer 24

Mean Arterial Pressure

Question 25

What is IV norepinephrine called?

Answer 25

Noradrenaline

Question 26

Chronotrope

Answer 26

heart rate

Question 27

Ionotrope

Answer 27

contractility

Question 28

Baroreceptors

Answer 28

detect MAP, located in aortic arch and carotid sinus

Question 29

Net Effect of Levophed

Answer 29

Increase SVR Decrease HR even though the drug has direct positive chronotropic effects

Question 30

Parasympathetic Response (Vasomotor Center)

Answer 30

Increase Peripheral vascular resistance | Decrease heart rate

Question 31

Sympathetic Response (vasomotor center)

Answer 31

Increase heart rate increase contractile force increase venous tone

Question 32

Autoreceptor

Answer 32

presynaptic neuron is inhibited by the chemical it produces (such as norepinephrine)

Question 33

Heteroreceptor

Answer 33

presynpatic neuron is inhibited by chemicals that are released by neurons with which it has a synapse (and which that presynaptic neuron doesn't produce)

Question 34

Presynaptic Autonomic Feedback

Answer 34

Autoreceptors; heteroreceptors

Question 35

Postsynaptic Autonomic Feedback

Answer 35

Up-regulation and down-regulation at the receptor level in response to previous neuronal activity; modulation of the primary transmitter-receptor event by events evoked by the same or other transmitters acting on different postsynaptic receptors

Question 36

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

Answer 36

Effector Postsynaptic cells of the PNS

Question 37

Parasympathomimetic

Answer 37

muscarinic activation; mimics the effects of the PNS

Question 38

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

Answer 38

NMJ and at the ganglia of the ANS; not specific for the PNS

Question 39

Six Steps of Cholinergic Neuotransmission

Answer 39

1. Synthesis of Acetylcholine 2. Uptake into storage vesicles 3. Release of neurotransmitter 4. Binding to the receptor 5. Degradation of Ach 6. Recycling of choline

Question 40

What inhibits transport of choline?

Answer 40

Hemicholinium

Question 41

What blocks the release of Ach?

Answer 41

Blocked by botulinum toxin

Question 42

What does spider venom cause?

Answer 42

Release of Ach

Question 43

How is choline transported into the cholinergic neuron?

Answer 43

It has to be transported actively; has a strong positive charge that makes it unable to diffuse through the membranes

Question 44

What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of ACh?

Answer 44

Uptake of Choline

Question 45

Varicosities

Answer 45

vesicles that look like beads on the presynaptic nerve terminal; contain ATP, ACh, as well as other co-transmitters that also act as signal regulators

Question 46

How to get rid of ACh?

Answer 46

ACh is very rapidly hydrolized via acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft.

Question 47

How is choline recycled?

Answer 47

Sodium-coupled reaction allows choline to re-penetrate the presynaptic cell membrane

Question 48

Most ____________ agonists have some ________action.

Answer 48

Muscarinic; nicotinic

Question 49

All ___________ agonists have some ___________ action.

Answer 49

nicotinic; muscarinic

Question 50

Most useful pharmaceutical applications are those utilizing ___________ agonists.

Answer 50

Muscarinic

Question 51

Primary Nicotinic Agonists

Answer 51

Direct acting Arencline tartrate and Nicotine Carbachol (also used for its muscarinic effects)

Question 52

Primary Muscarinic Agonists

Answer 52

Direct acting Bethanechol Cevimeline (dry mouth) Pilocarpine (glaucoma)

Question 53

Indirect-Acting Reversible Cholinergic Agonists

Answer 53

Reversibly bind to AChE; prevents it from breaking down ACh Ex. Edrophonium: Tensilon testing for diagnosis of myastenia gravis; attacks ACh receptors cause less receptors

Question 54

Edrophonium

Answer 54

Tensilon testing for diagnosis of myastenia gravis

Question 55

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 55

block acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction,inhibiting the excitatory effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions.

Question 56

Tx for Myastenia Gravis

Answer 56

Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, and Ambenonium (alone with immune suppressants)

Question 57

Tx for Glaucoma

Answer 57

Physostigmine and Demecarium; opens the drainage angle

Question 58

Indirect Acting Irreversible Cholinergic Agonists

Answer 58

Echotiophate: topical organophosphate used for tx of glaucoma

Question 59

What do organophosphates cause?

Answer 59

``` Excess salivation Lacrimation Urination Vomiting, defacation, GI cramps unable to breathe loss of muscular control death ```

Question 60

What can help reduce some of the effects of organophosphates?

Answer 60

Atropine