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Spring P1 > Pharm 736 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharm 736 Exam 1 Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Divisions

A

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

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2
Q

Somatic Nervous system Functions

A

Innervation of Striated (skeletal) muscle
Control of voluntary movement
No ganglia between spinal cord and target muscle

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System functions

A

Innervation of smooth muscle, glands, organs, blood vessels, fat skin, etc.
Involuntary control of bodily functions (respiration, BP, secretions, body Temp, digestion, HR)

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4
Q

Sympathetic Division of ANS

SNS

A

Innervation which produces an excited state
Fight, Flight, Fright response
coordinated activation to prepare body for exertion/trauma
Adrenal Medulla functions like a sympathetic ganglion but releases epinephrine into bloodstream

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5
Q

Parasympathetic division of ANS

PNS

A

Innervation producing a relaxed state
Rest and Digest responses
Target organs activated as they are needed

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6
Q

Location of cell’s Soma in Somatic, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems.

A

Somatic: Cell bodies located in the spinal cord.

Sym/Para: Cell bodies in Spinal cord and Ganglion

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7
Q

Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are _______ compared to ganglionic cell bodies.

A

Longer

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8
Q

Sympathetic ganglionic cell bodies are _______ compared to post-ganglionic neurons

A

shorter

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9
Q

What NT is used for both parasympathetic and Somatic Innervation?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

what types of receptors are used in the Parasympathetic system?

A 
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor (ion channel)
Muscarinic Receptor (GpCR)
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11
Q

What type of receptors are used in the somatic system?

A

Muscular Nicotinic Receptor (ion channel)

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12
Q

what type of receptors are used in the Sympathetic system?

A

Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors (ion channel)

alpha and beta Adrenergic Receptors (GpCR)

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13
Q

Where is Acetylcholine released and what by within the PNS?

A

Nerve terminals of Neurons originating from Spinal Cord

Neurons from ganglion in parasympathetic system.

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14
Q

Where is Norepinephrine released and what by?

A

Released by postganglionic neurons in Sympathetic

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15
Q

Where is Epinephrine released and what by?

A

Epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla into general circulation

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16
Q

Why is Dopamine important for SNS?

A

It is a precursor to Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in SNS

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17
Q

What are Catecholamines?

A

They are catechol ring structures with an attached amine, that include EPI, NE and Dopamine.
They are a subset of neurotransmitters known as biogenic amines including histamine, serotonin and melatonin.

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18
Q

Organs and responses during Parasympathetic Innervation

A 
All - Basal tone
Heart - Slow down HR
Lung - constrict bronchioles
Stomach - increase secretion
Intestine - Increase motility
Colon/Bladder - Empty
Eye - normal
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19
Q

What are the Organs and responses during Sympathetic innervation

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A 
Heart - Speed HR
Lungs - Dilate Bronchioles
Stomach - Decrease secretion
Adrenal Gland - Release Adrenaline
GI - Decrease Motility
Colon/Bladder - Delay Emptying
Eye - Pupil Dilation (Mydriasis)
20
Q

Adrenergic Receptors (type) and Subtypes

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A

(G-protein coupled receptors)
alpha-1 (A,B,C)
alpha-2 (A,B,C)
Beta (1,2,3)

21
Q

What are the G protein type, Effector Enzymes, and 2nd messengers for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?

Study These Flashcards
A

Gaq
Increased Phospholipase C-Beta enzymes
Increase IP3, DAG and Ca2+

22
Q

What is the G protein type, Effector Enzymes, and 2nd messengers for alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?

Study These Flashcards
A

Gai
Decreased Adenyl Cyclase, Increased K+ channels
Decrease cAMP

23
Q

What is the G Protein Type, Effector Enzymes, and 2nd messengers for Beta adrenergic receptors

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A

Gas
Increased Adenylyl Cyclase
Increase cAMP and Increased Ca2++ (heart)

24
Q

Baroreflex Pathway Cardiac Effects Key Points

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A

If BP increases then HR decreases

If BP decreases then HR increases

25
Baroreflex Pathway Vascular Effects Key points
Signals from pathway change the tone of the major blood vessels in compensation for changes in BP
26
Chronic Application of Agonists will result in? Full vs Partial?
- Desensitization, cells attempt to avoid overstimulation by blocking ability of receptor. - Partial agonists tend to cause very little receptor desensitization compared to full.
27
Long term usage of antagonists use may result in?
Supersensitization, up-regulation of receptors makes the subject more sensitive to agonists.
28
Why are Beta Blocker users at risk for heart attack immediately following therapy cessation?
Supersensitization of cells, increased likelihood for two weeks following cessation.
29
Describe PNS and SNS cooperation Sweating and Pulmonary Secretions
Sweating - PNS controls generalized hydration of skin - SNS responsible for localized cholinergic sweating in palms, underarms Pulmonary Secretions - PNS controls mucus secretions in lungs - SNS controls water secretions in lungs
30
Male Sexual Response in Autonomic Nervous System
Point (Erection) - PNS | Shoot (Ejaculation) - SNS
31
Organs/Tissues exclusively controlled by SNS include:
Blood Vessels (sympathetic innervation) Kidney (vasoconstriction and renin secretion) Liver (Glycogenolysis, fat cell lipolysis) Skeletal Muscle METABOLISM
32
Describe Cardiac Signal Transduction Pathway (Beta)
Increased cAMP signals Phospho Kinase A, which signals troponin to cause contraction with Ca2+
33
Describe Smooth Muscle Signal Transduction (alpha-1)
Increased IP3 causes ER to release Ca2+ which binds to Calmodulin and activates the Myosin Light chain Kinase to trigger myosin to contract
34
Describe Receptor Regulation in desensitization
Stimulatory hormone activates Gprotein (Gas) receptor which signals GRKinase by Gbetagamma which causes other receptors to produce Arrestin, which stops the receptor response.
35
alpha-1 (Gaq) receptor locations/Function
Blood Vessels/Vasculature in dermal, GI, Renal, bladder and nasal membranes (not skeletal/heptic) - Constriction, Increased peripheral resistance, increased diastolic BP Eye - Contraction of radial Muscles --> Mydriasis Bladder/GI Sphincters - Constrict sphincters, decrease outflow
36
alpha-2 (Gai) Receptor Locations/Functions
Eye - Decrease production of aqueous humor Pancreatic Islet - Decrease Insulin release, increased blood glucose Presynaptic nerve terminals - Neurotransmiiter release CNS/Brainstem - Decreased BP, Inhibit Baroreflex Spinal Cord - Inhibit Pain Transmission Nasal Vasculature - Constriction
37
Beta-1 (Gas) receptor locations/functions
Heart - Inc HR , Contractility & force --> inc cardiac output Kidney - Inc Renin Secretion --> vasoconstriction Eye - Inc Production of Aqueous humor
38
Beta-2 (Gas) receptor locations/functions
Hepatic and Skeletal Muscle/Vascular Smooth muscle - Relaxation, Inc blood flow to liver/skeletal muscle Pulmonary smooth muscle - Relaxation --> inc airflow GI long smooth muscle - Relaxation --> decreased motility Bladder detrusor muscle - Relaxation --> Decrease outflow ``` Pregnant Uterus (myometrium) - Relaxation ``` Skeletal Muscle - Inc Glycogenolysis, Inc K+ uptake Mast Cells - Decrease Granulation Pancreas - Inc Glucagon Secretion Liver - Glycogenolysis Eye - Inc production of aqueous humor
39
Beta-3 (Gas) Receptor Location and Function
Fat | - Lipolysis (complex process)
40
Adrenergic Presynaptic Nerve Terminal transporters include:
Norepinephrine transporter alpha-2 adrenergic receptor (autoreceptor) Ca2++ channel K+ Channel
41
Support Cell plays what role at the synaptic cleft?
contains reuptake II which is a non selective receptor with a very high capacity.
42
What enzyme converts Tyrosine to DOPA?
Tyrosine Hydroxylase | H2O and Dihydrobiopferin as byproduct
43
What enzyme converts DOPA to Dopamine?
Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC) | CO2 as byproduct
44
What enzyme converts Dopamine to Norepinephrine?
Dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH) | H20 dehydroascorbic acid as byproduct
45
Where and what is norepinephrine further converted into and by what enzyme?
Epinephrine in the Adrenal Gland Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme Homocysteine as byproduct

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