Pharm Chapter 42- Eicosanoids

Question 1

What are contraindications for aspirin

Answer 1

Aspirin hypersensitivity, aspirin-triggered asthma, children and teenagers with chicken pox or flu-like symptoms, due to risk of Reye’s syndrome

Question 2

What affect does aspirin have with acetazolamine

Answer 2

Increases its concentration, which leads to CNS toxicity

Question 3

What drug may inhibit the antiplatelet effect of aspirin

Answer 3

Ibuprofen

Question 4

Compare naproxen to aspirin

Answer 4

Naproxen has a longer half life, is 20X more potent, and causes fewer Gi adverse effects than aspirin

Question 5

How long can ketorolac be used

Answer 5

3-5 days max post-surgery

Question 6

What COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor has the greatest selectivity for COX-2

Answer 6

Nabumetone

Question 7

What is the leading cause of hepatic failure

Answer 7

Acetaminophen overdose

Question 8

What are the common adverse effects of acetaminophen

Answer 8

Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity (rare), rash, hypothermia

Question 9

What is the only FDA approved COX-2 inhibitor

Answer 9

Celecoxib

Question 10

What effect does celecoxib have on ACE inhibitors

Answer 10

Decreases ACE inhibitor efficacy

Question 11

What is the clinical application of alprostadil

Answer 11

Maintenance of patent ductus arteriosus, ED

Question 12

What are the contraindications for alprostadil

Answer 12

Sickle cell anemia or trait leukemia, myeloma, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, anatomic deformation (of penis, penile implant, Peyronie’s disease)

Question 13

What is the major contraindication for misoprostol

Answer 13

Pregnancy

Question 14

What is carboprost used for

Answer 14

Abortion in second trimester, postpartum hemorrhage

Question 15

What are common adverse effects of carboprost

Answer 15

Dystopia, pulmonary edema, GI disturbance with prevalent diarrhea, headache, paresthesia, fever, breast tenderness

Question 16

What are contraindications for carboprost

Answer 16

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Cardiac, pulmonary, renal or hepatic disease

Question 17

What is the use of letanoprost, bimatoprost, and Travis roar

Answer 17

Ocular hypertension, open-angle glaucoma

Question 18

What are common side effects of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost

Answer 18

Macular retinal edema, blurred vision, hyperpigmentation of eyelid, iris pigmentation

Question 19

What is the major use of epoprostenol

Answer 19

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 20

What are the contraindications for epoprostenol

Answer 20

Heart failure with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Chronic use in patients developing pulmonary edema

Question 21

What is the major clinical application of zileuton

Answer 21

Asthma

Question 22

What are common side effects of zileuton

Answer 22

Increased liver enzymes, urticaria, abdominal discomfort, dizziness, insomnia

Question 23

What are contraindications for use of zileuton

Answer 23

Active liver disease, elevated liver enzymes

Question 24

What are the clinical applications for montelukast and zafirlukast

Answer 24

Chronic asthma, perennial allergic rhinitis (montelukast), and seasonal allergic rhinitis (montelukast)

Question 25

What are substances that are rapidly synthesized in response to specific stimuli, act quickly in the immediate environment, and remain active for only a short time before degradation

Answer 25

Autacoids

Question 26

What is the common precursor to the majority of eicosanoids

Answer 26

Arachidonic acid

Question 27

What is the precursor for arachidonic acid

Answer 27

Linoleic acid

Question 28

What enzyme facilitates the rate limiting step of eicosanoid formation

Answer 28

Phospholipase A2

Question 29

What does the Cyclooxygenase pathway lead to the formation of

Answer 29

Prostaglandins, prostacylin, thromboxane

Question 30

What does the lipoxygenase pathway lead to the formation of

Answer 30

Leukotrienes and lipoxins

Question 31

What is the tissue location for COX1 and COX2

Answer 31

COX1 is ubiquitous expression; COX1 is in inflamed and activated tissues

Question 32

What tissues expression PGD2

Answer 32

Mast cells, neurons

Question 33

What tissues expression PGE2

Answer 33

Many tissues, including macrophages and mast cells

Question 34

What tissues express PGF2alpha

Answer 34

Vascular smooth muscle, uterine smooth muscle

Question 35

What are the functions of PGD2

Answer 35

Bronchoconstriction (asthma), sleep control functions, Alzheimer's

Question 36

What are the functions of PGE2

Answer 36

Potentiation of responses to painful stimuli, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, cytoprotective, inflammatory cell activation, fever, mucous production, possibly erectile function

Question 37

What are the functions of PGF2alpha

Answer 37

Vascular tone, reproductive physiology, bronchoconstriction

Question 38

What series of prostaglandins is the most biologically prevalent

Answer 38

PG2

Question 39

What is the chief eicosanoid product of platelets

Answer 39

TXA2

Question 40

What is the primary eicosanoid product of the vascular endothelium

Answer 40

PGI2

Question 41

What is the physiological antagonist to TXA2

Answer 41

PGI2

Question 42

What are the immediate products of lipoxygenase reactions

Answer 42

HPETEs

Question 43

What is the direct precursor to LTA4

Answer 43

5-HPETE

Question 44

What is the precursor to all bioactive leukotrienes

Answer 44

LTA4

Question 45

What helps 5-LOX translocate to the nuclear membrane

Answer 45

FLAP

Question 46

Where is LTA4 converted to LTB4

Answer 46

In neutrophils and erythrocytes

Question 47

Where does LTA4 conversion to LTC4 occur

Answer 47

Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and macrophages

Question 48

What lipoxygenase is most present in the brain

Answer 48

12-LOX

Question 49

What are the 2 GPCRs that LTB4 acts via

Answer 49

BLT1 and BLT2

Question 50

What do LTC4 and LTD4 cause

Answer 50

Vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability

Question 51

What are the actions of resolvin E1

Answer 51

Regulates neutrophil infiltration, DC. Function and IL-21 production. Promotes resolution, reduces colitis, and protects from osteoclasts-mediated bone destruction

Question 52

What is the function of resolvin E2

Answer 52

Regulates neutrophil infiltration

Question 53

What are the functions of protectin D1

Answer 53

Regulates neutrophil and T cell infiltration, regulates TNF and interferon production, promotes resolution, reduces peritonitis and airway inflammation, protects brain from ischemia/reperfusion injury may mitigates kidney ischemia injury

Question 54

What is the function of maresin 1

Answer 54

Regulates neutrophil infiltration and promotes resolution

Question 55

What eicosanoids are involved with pain and hyperalgesia

Answer 55

PGE2, PGI2, LTB4

Question 56

What eicosanoids are involved with local heat and systemic fever

Answer 56

PGE2, PGI2, and LXA4

Question 57

What eicosanoids areinvolved in increased vascular permeability

Answer 57

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Question 58

What eicosanoids are involved in chemotaxis leukocyte adhesion

Answer 58

LTB4, HETE, LXA4, LXB4

Question 59

What does PGE2 inhibit the function of (what cells)

Answer 59

B and T lymphocytes and NK cells

Question 60

What eicosanoids attract eosinophils to asthmatic pathways

Answer 60

LTD4 and LTE4

Question 61

What do human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas express an abundant amount of

Answer 61

COX2

Question 62

What does inhibition of phospholipase A2 prevent

Answer 62

The release of arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids (rate limiting step)

Question 63

Describe reye''s syndrome

Answer 63

Condition characterized. By hepatic encephalopathy and liver steatosis in young children

Question 64

What is ridogrel a receptor antagonist to

Answer 64

TXA2

Question 65

What do dazoxiben and pirmagrel inhibit

Answer 65

Thromboxane synthase

Question 66

What synthesis does adenosine inhibit

Answer 66

LTB4