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RUSVM Pharm I > Pharm Exam II > Flashcards

Pharm Exam II Flashcards

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0
Q

The two principle components of the ANS are what?

A

The Parasympathetic Nervous System
and
the Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

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1
Q

True or false: primary diseases of the ANS are common

A

False

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2
Q

Most visceral organs are innervated by which division of the ANS?

A

By both, but they produce opposite effects in the same structure

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3
Q

Decreased heart rate is an example of stimulation by what division of the ANS?

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

increased heart rate is an example of the stimulation by what division of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic

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5
Q

True or False: Both para and sympathetic system have preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons (post ganglion innervates organs and is also called the neuroeffector junction)

A

True

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6
Q

The neuroeffector junction is another name for what component of both PSNS and SNS systems?

A

Post ganglionic neuron

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7
Q

ACh is the neurotransmitter where and for what systems?

A

At all ganglia and at most parasympathetic neuroeffectors

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8
Q

In addition to ACh, some tissues have this neurotransmitter at the parasympathetic neuroeffector junction

A

nitric oxide - genitalia erectile tissue

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9
Q

This is the neurotransmitter at most sympathetic neuroeffector junctions

A

Nor/epinephrine

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10
Q

This is the neurotransmitter in erectile tissue of genitalia, an dit is part of which nervous system?

A

nitric oxide - parasympathetic

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11
Q

This is the NT for sweat glands in humans and it is part of what nervous system?

A

ACh (sympathetic nervous system)

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12
Q

In addition to Nor/epinephrine, the NT at a few junctions of the sympathetic nervous system is what?

A

ACh

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13
Q

The receptors are activated by ACh

A

cholinergic receptors

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14
Q

cholinergic receptors can be divided into what two receptor types?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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15
Q

These cholinergic receptors are present postsynaptically at all ganglionic synapses and at the neruomuscular junction

A

nicotinic

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16
Q

These cholinergic receptors are situated at the neruoeffection junction of parasympathetic nerves

A

muscarinic

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17
Q

These receptors are activated by nor/epinephrine

A

adrenergic

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18
Q

adrenergic receptors are activated by what?

A

nor/epinephrine

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19
Q

name the divisions of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1, 2

beta 1, 2, 3 (and more)

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20
Q

histamine, serotonin, nitric oxide, vasointestinal peptide, and cyclic nucleotides are all examples of what?

A

Other neurotransmitters, etc that contribute to the transformation of information in the ANS

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21
Q

besides ACh and Nor/epinephrine what other things contribute to the transmission of information in the ANS? give examples

A

other neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators

histamine, serotonin, nitric oxide, vasointestinal peptide, cyclic nucleotides etc

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23
Q

The main supraspinal site of modulation for both para and sympathetic systems is what?

A

the hypothalamus

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24
Q

Cross the blood brain barrier

A 
carbonamides
organophosphates
propanolol
ephedrine
phystostigmine
scolopamine
atropine
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25
PSNS direct acting mimetics
bethanochol | pilocarpine
26
PSNS indirect/reversible mimetics
neostigmine edophonium pysostigmine
27
PSNS indirect acting/irreversible mimetics
echothipate and diisopropyl flurorophosphate
28
PSNS direct acting lytics
``` atropine glycopyrralate scopolamine aminopentamide oxybutynin/propantheline ```
29
PSNS antagonists as mydriatics
atropine and tropicamide
30
PSNS muscle relaxants
guafenesin metrocarbamol dantrolene
31
PSNS neuromuscular blocker - noncompetitive
succincylcholine
32
PSNS neuromuscular blocker - competitve
pancornium atracuronium vencuronium rocuronium
33
what do you use to reverse neuromuscular blockers
neostigmine and edrophonium
34
components of a triple drip
ketamine xylazine or detromidine guaifenesin
35
stages of neuromuscular blockers
``` tail/face to limbs to swallowing to abs to intercostals and diaphragm ```
36
what conditions must be met if you are going to use a neuromuscular blocker?
animal must be asleep and ventilated
37
SNS direct - non catecholamine
``` phenylephrine brimomidine ractopamine zilpatorol isoxsuprine albuterol clenbuterol ```
38
SNS mixed
phenylpropanolamine
39
SNS lytic - direct
phenoxybenzamine prazosin propanolol timolol
40
SNS mimetics - catechol
``` epinephrine norepinephrine isoprotenolol dopamine dobutamine ephedrine ```
41
phenoxybenzamine
SNS lytic - direct alpha 1 anatagonist urinary retention tumor of adrenal gland (pheochromocytoma)
42
prazosin
SNS lytic - direct alpha 1 antagonist dilates arterioles and veins treats congestive heart failure, hypertension and urethral obstruction
43
propanolol
``` SNS lytic - direct non selective Beta antagonist antiarythmmic treats feline hyperthyroidism crosses BBB ```
44
timolol
SNS lytic - direct non selective Beta antagonist reduces aqueous humor
45
epinephrine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine) activates all andrenergic receptors used in cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis 2 micrograms/kg intercardiac
46
norepinephrine
``` SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine) alpha agonist (beta 1 agonist at high dose) vasocontrictive increases afterload ```
47
isoprotenolol
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine) beta 1 and beta 2 agonist treats ventricular dysrythmia
48
dopamine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine) med/low dose - beta 1 agonist and ionotropic med/high dose - beta 1 agonist and chromotrope high dose - alpha 1 agonist, norepinephrine release
49
dobutamine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine) beta 1 agonist acute heart failure
50
ephedrine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine) | crosses BBB, works on SNS (mimetic)
51
phenylephrine
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine) alpha 1 agonist treats hypotension, shock, causes mydriasis
52
brimomidine
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine) alpha 2 agonist treats glaucoma
53
ractopamine and zilpatorol
``` SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine) non selective beta agonist lean muscles, partitioning agent ractopamine - pigs, cattle, turkeys zilpatorol - cattle ```
54
isoxsuprine
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine) beta 2 agonist, alpha 1 antagonist cattle - cesarean, dystocia horses- laminitis and navicular disease
55
albuterol and clebuterol
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine) beta 2 agonist albuterol - COPD in horses clenbuterol - angel dust, performance enhancers
56
phenylpropanolamine
used for urinary incont in dogs | give with estrogen to increase alpha 1 receptors in sphincter
57
guafenesin
``` PSNS muscle relaxant horses and cattle relaxes muscles for intubation central acting - spinal cord ```
58
metrocarbomol
PSNS central acting - spinal cord treats acute inflammatory conditions of skeletal muscle
59
dantrolene
PSNS peripheral acting - skeletal muscle blocks ryanodine receptors treats malignant hyperthermia
60
atropine
``` crosses BBB dries secretions causes sticky saliva in cattle causes panic in horses increases salivation in cats psychroplasia mydriasis in eye PSNS - lytic (direct) ```
61
glycopyrralate
acts like atropine PSNS - lytic (direct) preanesthetic
62
scopolamine
``` crosses BBB similar to atropine but more CNS effects decreases peristalsis treats spasmodic colic in horses PSNS - lytic (direct) ```
63
aminopentamide
decreases peristalsis antispasmodic for dogs and cats PSNS - lytic (direct)
64
oxybutynin/propantheline
``` relaxes bladder to allow filling PSNS lytic (direct) ```
65
tropanimide
used in retinal exam | causes mydriasis
66
bethanechol
M3 agonist contracts bladder PSNS mimetic direct
67
pilocarpine
miosis 2-6 hours irritating decreases intraocular pressure PSNS mimetic - direct
68
neostigmine
``` used in cattle horses and sheep treats myasthenia gravis in dogs/cats treats rumen atony gets shit moving initiates peristalsis, empties bladder PSNS mimetic- indirect/reversible ```
69
edrophonium
used in dogs/cats to diagnose MG differentiates between myathetnic and cholinergic crisis PSNS - mimetics indirect/reversible
70
physostigmine
crosses BBB miosis for 12 hours PSNS - mimetic, indirect/reversible
71
echothiopate and iisopropyl flurophosphate
PSNS mimetic, indirect and IRREVERSIBLE miosis for 12 hours decreases intraoccular pressure

RUSVM Pharm I (3 decks)

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