Vet Prep export pharm Flashcards
(283 cards)
1
Q
What is a drug?
A
any substance that can affect a biological system
2
Q
what are the different sources of drugs
A
natural semisynthetic synthetic
3
Q
what are active ingredients in plants
A
alkaloids
glycosides
resins
gums
tannins
fixed oils
volatile oils (ethereal)
4
Q
alkaloids
A
(active ingredient in plants) basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluable in water and end with -ine
*their salts are soluable in water
*have a bitter taste
*can be precipitated by acids
ex: atropine, morphine, scopolamine, yohimbine
5
Q
Glycosides
A
(active ingredient in plants)
Mostly toxic (derived from fox glove; Digitalis glycosides)
*Inert Sugars combined with other organic structures (hydrolysis releases the sugar–aglycone or genin)
EX: digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain
6
Q
Resins
A
(active ingredient in plants) substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils (volatile oils = evaporative (fragrant) oils
7
Q
Gums
A
(active ingredient in plants)
polysaccharides secreted by certain trees
ex: gum acacia from acacia, gum tragacanth from Astragalus
8
Q
tannins
A
(active ingredient in plants) polyphenols that produce astringent effect (precipitate proteins)
what “dries the mouth” in red wines
9
Q
fixed oils
A
(active ingredient in plants)
oils that do not evaporate when exposed to air
EX: cottonseed oil, castor oil, linseed oil
10
Q
volatile oils
A
(active ingredient in plants)
evaporate readily when exposed to air
EX: peppermint oil, turpentine oil, oil of clove
11
Q
Sources of drugs from animals
A
blood, plasma, hormones, toxins
12
Q
Sources of drugs from Fungi
A
antibiotics e.g. penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, polymyxins
13
Q
Sources of drugs from bacteria
A
antibiotics (e.g. bacitracin)
14
Q
what are examples of natural sources of drugs
A
mineral (non-living) animal (hormones) plant bacteria (bactracin) fungi (antibiotics)
15
Q
define semisynthetic drug
A
from natural sources and chemically treated
ex: amoxicillin, apomorphine, ampicillin
16
Q
define synthetic drug
A
highly purified substances prepared synthetically (eg manufactured entirely in the lab)
ex: sulfonamides (antibacterial), furosemide (diuretic) fentanyl, acepromazine
17
Q
4 classifications of physical states of drugs
A
solid (powder, pill, bolus, pessary, suppository) liquid (mixture, tincture, spirit, suspension, elixir, etc) semisolid (ointment, cream, paste, electuary) gases or vapors (aerosol, spray, mist)
18
Q
Powder
A
solid, mixture of drugs packaged in packets or sachets??
19
Q
Tablet
A
solid,active drug combined with a binder and excipient, compressed into a tablet by machine ENTERIC COATED TABLET - irritant tablets coated with substance that is insoluble in acid but will dissolve in the alkaline small intestine)
20
Q
pill
A
solid, mixture of drugs and a sticky binder ovoid or spherical glazed sugar coating
21
Q
capsule
A
container made of mix of gelatin and glycerin suitable for drugs in powdered form or certain liquid drugs
22
Q
bolus
A
solid *large, cylindrical in shapeused for horses and cattle (another type of bolus is a large amount of liquid given by IV injection in one dose)
23
Q
mixture
A
liquid aqueous solution/suspension for oral administration aromatic water (aqueous solution + volatile oil) added to prevent bacteria/mold contamination
24
Q
pessary
A
solid conical solid preparation for intravaginal use in humans
25
suppository
solid conical solid preparation given intrarectally for systemic effect in humans.melts and releases active ingredients after introduction to the body
26
paste
semisolid preparation for external use (skin) or internal use
27
electuary
semisolid preparation applied to the back of the tongue for systemic effect
28
tincture
alcoholic liquid preparation nonvolatile substance (for external or internal use)
29
spirit
alcoholic liquid preparation volatile substance
30
suspension
liquid aqueous suspension of solids and a dispersing agent (gum tragacanth or methylcellulose) to delay settling.
31
Syrup
liquid solution of medicinal agents, flavoring and coloring agents in 85% sucrose solution (more than 50% sucrose)
32
elixir
liquid hydroalcoholic solution of medicinal agentssweetened and flavored(better keeping quality than micture b/c of high alcohol content)
33
emulsion
liquid oily substance in aqueous medium with emulsifying (or dispersing) agent like gum acacia, lecithin, or methylcellulose
34
Extract
liquid from passing solvent over dried plant material and evaporating the solvent or placing crude material into solvent until active substances extracted (maceration).cold/warm water = infusion boiling water = decoction
35
injections
liquid? sterile solutions/suspensions in aqueous (sometimes oil) vehicle heat sterilized or filtered through millipore filters may be package aseptically in vials and reconstituted with sterile water immediately before use
36
decoction
extract performed in boiling water
37
infusion
extract performed in cold or warm water
38
repository forms
slow release forms prolong the effective drug concentration in the body by providing sustained release in the dosage form
39
liniment
external dosage form liquid or semisolidapplied to the skin with friction (rubbing) contains counterirritants used in chronic inflammation of muscles and tendons
40
lotion
external dosage formsolution or suspension soothing substances applied to skin to relieve pain in acute inflammation
41
ointment
external dosage form semisolid, greasy preparation drug is dissolved or dispensed in a suitable base
42
cream
external dosage form incorporates drug in water-oil emulsion; water evaporates and leaves the drug and a thin film of oil on the skin
43
Dusting Powder
external dosage form mixture of drugs in powder form use talc or starch as adsorbents
44
aeorsol
gas/vapor drug incorporated in a solvent and packaged under pressure with a propellant such as flurorinated hydrocarbon or nitrogen
45
vehicles
solvents or carriers can be solid can be used in oral, injections and semisolid
46
examples of oral vehicles
waters (peppermint water) syrup, elixir
47
examples of injection vehicles
sterile water, sterile saline, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysorbate 80
48
examples of semisolid vehicles
parrafin oil and wax, bee wax, vaseline
49
what factors affect selection of the route of administration of a drug
therapeutic factors
drug factors
50
therapeutic factors affecting route selection
onset and duration of action site of action adverse reactions
51
drug factors affecting route selection
irritation solubility availability of drug in different forms pH
52
two routes of administration
local systemic
53
disadvantages of IV
1) dangerous (overdosing possible) 2) difficult to administer depending on species/behavior/dehydration 3) may be costly/laborous 4) risk of infection (must be aseptic)
54
advantages of IM
1) rapid absorption 2) duration of action is longer than IV 3) suspensions can be injected
55
disadvantages of IM
Irritant, hypertonic, acidic or basic drugs may cause tissue damage
56
advantages of subcutaneous
1) Slow, constant absorption 2) longer duration of action than------
57
disadvantages of subcutaneous
1) slow onset 2) irritating drugs can not be used
58
What is the only appropriate way to give an irritating drug
IV
59
Define a prescription
an order to a pharmacist written by a licensed medical practitioner to prepare the prescribed medication, affix the directions and sell the preparation to the client it is a legally recognized document--writer is responsible for its accuracy should be written in ink and carbon copy kept on file
60
Rx
abbrev of the latin word "recipe" which means to take
61
inscription
names & amounts of drugs to be incorporated includes the basis, vehicle, adjuvant and corrective
62
basis
primary drug in prescription, base for medication
63
vehicle
vehicle for the drug
64
adjuvant
another drug
65
corrective
ex: potassium iodide
66
subscription
instructions to pharmacist on how to make preparation, may have english or latin abbreviations
67
signa
instructions to owner on how to use medication
68
Three categories of drugs products
OTC Prescription Controlled
69
OTC
over the counter do not need a prescription
70
Prescription drugs
1) regulated by the FDA 2) FDA - CVM ensures that animal drugs are not harmful to animals 3) vaccines regulated by the USDA 4) veterinarian/client/patient relationship must exist before a prescription drug is prescribed
71
Controlled substances
1) regulated by the DEA 1a) regulates the purchase, storage and use of controlled substances 2) divided into five classes based on potential of abuse or misuse by people, low classes have a higher potential of abuse
72
Class I (C-I)
highest abuse potential severe liability no therapeutic agents (in the US) ex: Heroin and LSD
73
Class II (C-II)
High abuse potential (less than C-II) severe liability ex: Morphine, Codeine and amphetamine
74
Class III (C-III)
Abuse potential less than C-I and C-II moderate liability ex: anabolic steroids
75
Class IV (C-IV)
Abuse potential less than C-I, C-II and C-III moderate liability ex: butorphanol & diazepam
76
Class V (C-V)
least abuse potential limited liability ex: buprenorphine, dipenoxylate w/ atropine
77
Prescription requirements for Class/Schedule II
Full name & address of both vet & owner identity of patient practitioner permit number must be typewritten or written in ink (cannot be phoned in) no refills limited to 34 day supply for each prescription
78
Prescription requirements for III, IV and V
may be prescribed orally or in writing may be refilled, but no more than 5 times within 6 months some schedule V drugs may be sold over the counter
79
requirements on label for II, III and IV drugs
Caution: Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the client and patient for whom it was prescribed
80
what is extra-label use and what allows veterinarians to use it?
using a drug for something it is not approved for (different species, humans, different dosage, different route of administration) but has been proven to be effective in treatment by studies or otherwise. Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act 1994 (AMDUCA) If you do this as a veterinarian you are taking full responsibility if something goes wrong, you must have documentation to back up your reasoning
81
FARAD
Food animal residues avoidance databank computer system that provides information including withdrawal times of all drugs approved for use in food-producing animals, official tolerances and pharmokinetic studies
82
Two types of drug names
nonproprietary (generic) -- starts with a lowercase letter brand (trade) name -- starts with a capital or uppercase letter
83
tab
tablet
84
cap
capsule
85
pulv
powder
86
sol
solution
87
susp
suspension
88
elix
elixir
89
tinct
tincture
90
gtt
drop
91
oint
ointment
92
IV
Intravenous
93
IVPB
intravenous piggyback
94
IM
Intramuscular
95
SC, SQ
subcutaneously
96
IP
intraperitoneal
97
IA
intra-arterial
98
PO
per os (oral)
99
PR
Per rectal
100
OS
(oculus sinister) left eye
101
OD
(oculus dexter) right eye
102
OU
(oculus uterque) each eye
103
AS
(auris sinistra) left ear
104
AD
(auris dextra) right ear
105
AU
(auris unitas) both ears
106
U.S.P
United States Pharmacopeia
107
q
(quaque) every
108
h
(hora) hour
109
d
(die) day
110
min
minute
111
s.i.d.
(semel in die) once daily
112
b.i.d.
(bis in die) twice daily
113
t.i.d.
(ter in die) thrice daily
114
q.i.d.
(quarter in die) four times daily
115
q.o.d.
(quaque latera die) every other day
116
p.r.n.
(pro re nata) as needed
117
od
(omne die) every day
118
qd
(quaque die) every day
119
q2d
every other day
120
q6h
(quaque 6 hora) every 6 hours
121
q8h
(quaque 8 hora) every 8 hours
122
q12h
(quaque 12 hora) every 12 hours
123
stat
immediately, at once
124
a.c.
(ante cibum) before meals
125
p.c.
(post cibum) after meals
126
ad. Lib.
(ad libitum) as desired, freely
127
a
(ante) before
128
p
(post) after
129
c
(cum) with
130
s
(sine) without
131
aq
(aqua) water
132
et
and
133
noct
night
134
Identification (5)
Drug Names Lot or control number NADA number manufacturer NDC
135
Directions (4)
Directions for Preparation of Solution Storage and Use information Label warnings USP
136
Prescription Information (4)
Strength Form Total Amount Expiration Date
137
3 Categories of Drug Label Features
Identification Directions Prescription Information
138
Controlled Substances
Drugs with abuse potential which are controlled by the law and classified into 5 classes
139
NDA
National Drug Code
140
NADA
New Animal Drug Application A single, unique NADA number assigned to the drug by the FDA
141
USP
United States Pharmacopeia It is a compendium of quality control tests for drugs and excipients to be introduced into a medicinal formulation which is published annually and includes methods for identification, assays and purity
142
NF
National Formulary
143
The two official national lists of approved drugs in the US
USP, NF
144
posology
the study of doses
145
dose
the amount of drug given to a specific patient to give a certain effect
146
dosage
the amount of drug per unit body weight (kg or lb) and is usually in mg/kg or mg/lb
147
3 Types of Doses
Therapeutic Toxic Lethal
148
Minimal Therapeutic Dose
the smallest amount of drug that has a therapeutic effect
149
Maximal Therapeutic Dose
the largest amount of drug that can be tolerated without producing toxic effects
150
Optimal Therapeutic Dose
dose that lies someplace between the minimal and maximal therapeutic doses
151
Effective Dose Fifty (ED 50)
the dose effective for half the population also known as the median effective dose
152
toxic dose
the dose on the toxic dose curve that is the amount of drug producing undesirable clinical, hematological, biochemical or pathological alterations
153
Lethal Dose Fifty (LD 50)
the dose that kills half the population
154
Median Lethal Dose (LDS or MLD)
LD50 The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals
155
Lethal Dose Zero (LD 0)
the highest toxic dose that doesn't kill anyone
156
Lethal Dose One Hundred (LD 100)
The dose that kills everyone
157
2 methods of evaluating the relative safety of drugs
the therapeutic index the standard safety margin
158
TI
the therapeutic index also known as the therapeutic ration is the ratio between LD50 and ED50 LD50/ED50
159
SSM 100%
The standard safety margin expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1. SSM 100%= {(LD1-ED99)/ED99 }\* 100 orSSM 100% = ((LD1/ED99)-1) \* 100
160
Standard Safety Margin
The SSM expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1. The wider the margin between ED99 and LD1 for a drug, the safer the foot. More accurate than the therapeutic index.
161
Safety Factor
LD1/ED99
162
Therapeutic Index Interpretation
The larger the therapeutic index, the wider the margin of safety of a drug
163
main base unit of the metric system for weight
gram
164
main base unit of the metric system for volume
liter
165
kilo-
1000
166
deci-
1/10
167
centi-
1/100
168
milli-
1/1000
169
micro-
1/1,000,000
170
nano-
1/1,000,000,000
171
pico-
1/1,000,000,000,000
172
kg
kilogram
173
g
gram
174
mg
milligram
175
mcg
microgram
176
ng
nanogram
177
pg
picogram
178
L
liter
179
mL
milliliter
180
mcL
microliter
181
dL
deciliter
182
In the metric system, are decimals or fractions used?
decimals
183
In the metric system, does the unit come before or after the number?
after
184
which numbers are used in the metric system?
arabic numberals
185
How are fractions written in the metric system?
they are written as decimals with a zero before the decimal point for values less than 1.
186
gr.
grain
187
qt
quart
188
pt
pint
189
fl. oz
fluid ounce
190
oz
ounce
191
fl. dram
fluid dram
192
m
minim
193
qt i = pt ?
ii
194
qt i = fl. oz ?
32
195
pt i = fl. oz ?
16
196
fl. oz i = fl. dram ?
viii
197
fl. dram i= m ?
60
198
In the apothecary system, amounts are designated how?
in roman numerals for small amounts and in Arabic numbers for large amounts
199
In the apothecary system, does the abbreviation precede or follow the amount?
precede
200
In the apothecary system, are fractions or decimals used?
fractions
201
lb
pound
202
ounce
oz
203
1 lb = ? oz
16
204
gal
gallon
205
1 gal = ? qt
4
206
quart
qt
207
1 qt = ? pt
2
208
1 qt = ? cups
4
209
2 pt = ? cups
4
210
cup
cup
211
fl oz
fluid oz
212
2 T= ? oz
1
213
1 cup = ? oz
8
214
T
tablespoon
215
t
teaspoon
216
1 t = ? gtt
60
217
1T = ? t
3
218
gtt
drop
219
1 kg = ? lb
2.2 lb
220
2.2 lb = ? kg
1 kg
221
1 gal = ? L
4 L
222
4 L = ? gal
1
223
1 qt = ? L
1 L
224
1 L = ? qt
1 qt
225
1 qt = ? oz
32 oz
226
32 oz = ? qt
1 qt
227
32 oz = ? L
1 L
228
1 L = ? oz
32 oz
229
1 pt = ? mL
500 mL
230
500 mL = ? pt
1 pt
231
1 pt = ? oz
16 oz
232
16 oz = ? pt
1 pt
233
16 oz = ? mL
500 mL
234
500 mL = ? oz
16 oz
235
30 g= ? oz
1 oz
236
1 oz = ? g
30 g
237
30 mL = ? fl. oz
1 fl. oz
238
1 fl. oz = ? mL
30mL
239
1 gr = ? mg
65mg or 60 mg
240
65 mg = ? gr
gr i
241
1 m = ? gtt
1 gtt
242
1 cup = ? mL
250mL
243
250mL = ? cup
1 cup
244
1 cup = ? oz
8 oz
245
8oz = ? cup
1 cup
246
8 oz = ? mL
250mL
247
250mL= ? oz
8 oz
248
1T= ? t
3t
249
3t=?T
1T
250
3t=?mL
15mL
251
15mL=?t
3t
252
15mL=?T
1T
253
1T=?mL
15mL
254
1t= ? mL
5mL
255
5mL= ? t
1 t
256
1 inch = ? cm
2.5 cm
257
2.5 cm = ? inch
1 inch
258
1 cc= ? mL
1 mL
259
1 mL= ? cc
1 cc
260
10% Expressed as a Ratio
1:10
261
10% Expressed as a Fraction
10/100
262
1/10 Expressed as a Ratio
1:10
263
1/10 Expressed as a Percent
10%
264
1:10 Expressed as a Percent
10%
265
1:10 Expressed as a Fraction
1/10
266
Define 70% v/v
70mL of substance/100mL total
267
How would you find how many mL from stock solution are required to make a specified amount of solution of a desired %
mL from stock= ((% desired)/(%stock))\*vol desired in mL
268
Define the percentage of alcohol
% of alcohol = proof strength/2
269
Dosage
The amount of drug per unit of body weight
270
Dose
The amount of drug per animal
271
Absolute Dose
eg. 1 to 5 mg PO daily for 7 days
272
How do you determine the amount of drug for an animal?
Multiply the animal weight by the dosage
273
How do you determine the volume of the dose?
Use the concentration of the drug (mass per volume)
274
Where do you round when rounding liquids?
Round to the nearest tenth
275
How are calculated tablet doses rounded?
Round to the nearest half or whole tablet
276
This is the study of what a drug does to an animal
Pharmodynamics
277
This is the study of what the animal does to the drug & movement of drugs w/n the body
pharmacokinetics; ADME process (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion)
278
The science of preparing drugs
pharmacy
279
The study of poisons
toxicology
280
Examples of drugs from mineral sources
calcium, potassium, bromine
281
examples of drugs from viruses
(vaccine production)
influenza a virus, west nile virus, canine distemper virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus
282
Examples of drugs from Fungi
Antibiotics & antifungals
Antibiotics: Penicillin G from P. chrysogenium,chepalosporin C from Acremoniun chrysogenum (cephalosporium acremonium)
antifungals: griseofulvin from P. grisofulvum
283
examples of drugs from bacteria
antibiotics: bacitracin from Bacillus subtilis; polimixyns from Bacillus plymyxa; streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus; gentamicin from Micromonospora purpurea
Toxins (for toxoid protection): Tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani
