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Block 5 > Pharm - Lecture 6 - overview nervous system > Flashcards

Pharm - Lecture 6 - overview nervous system Flashcards

0
Q

What NT is released by Motor Nuerons?

A

acetylcholine

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1
Q

What NT reinforces sympathetic action? Where is it released?

A

epinephrine from adrenal medulla

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2
Q

What NT is released by pre-ganglionic Parasympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine

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3
Q

What NT is released by Post-ganglionic Parasympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

What NT is released by Pre-ganglionic Sympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine

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5
Q

What NT is released by Post-ganglionic Sympathetic Fibers?

A

Mostly norepinephrine

Exception: acetylcholine is released by Sympathetic cholinergic fibers going to sweat glands

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting step for the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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7
Q

What drugs is tyrosine the precursor of?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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8
Q

What is the role of vesicular monamine transporter 2? (VMAT2)

A

VMAT2 transports dopamine into vesicles where it is converted to norepinephrine

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9
Q

What transports dopamine into vesicles in the nerve terminal?

What blocks this?

A

Transporter: vesicular monamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)

reserpine blocks this

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10
Q

Where is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

In vesicles in the nerve terminal varicosities

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11
Q

How is norepinephrine taken back into the nerve terminal?

A

reuptake into nerve terminal by norepinephrine transporter (NET or uptake 1)

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12
Q

What drug blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine?

A

cocaine

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13
Q

What is cocaine’s mechanism?

A

blocks ruptake of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

How is epinephrine removed from the synaptic cleft? (3 ways)

A

1) norepinephrine transporter (NET - 87%)
2) diffusion (8%)
3) extraneuronal transporter (ENT - 5%)

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15
Q

What does extraneuronal transporter (ENT) do?

A

It uptakes norepinephrine into the post-synaptic cell

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16
Q

What enzymes are primarily responsible for the degradation of norepinephrine and epinephrine? (2)

A

Monamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

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17
Q

What does Monamine oxidase (MAO) do?

A

MAO oxidatively deaminates catecholamines

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18
Q

Where is monamine oxidase found in the cell?

A

Outer surface of mitochondria

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19
Q

Which cells is monamine oxidase found in? (3)

A

adrenergic nerve terminals

highest amounts in liver and kidney

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20
Q

How many and what are the isoforms of MAO?

A

MAO-A, MAO-B

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21
Q

What does catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) do?

A

transfers a methyl group to the 3-hydroxy position of the phenyl ring

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22
Q

Where in the cell is catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) found?

A

cytosol

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23
Q

Which cell types is COMT found in?

A

widely distributed with high levels in liver and kidney

not found in adrenergic neurons

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24
How is intraneuronal norepinephrine not taken into storage granules metabolized?
monamine oxidase (MAO)
25
What is VMA?
VMA is the final metabolite of norepinephrine after it is initially metabolized by MAO Secreted in urin
26
What is a biological marker in urine that reflects level of sympathetic drive (or catecholamine secreting tumors)?
concentration of VMA in the urin
27
What is the rate limiting step of acetylcholine synthesis?
choline is taken into the nerve terminal via NA+ dependent carrier
28
How is acetylcholine synthesized?
choline acetyl transferase synthesizes acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline
29
Where is acetylcholine synthesized?
nerve terminals
30
How is acetylcholine released from the nerve terminal?
acetylcholine is transported into a vesicle and exocytosed
31
What inhibits acetylcholine release into the synaptic cleft?
botulinum toxin
32
What is the mechanism of botulinum toxin?
inhibits the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
33
How is acetylcholine metabolized?
acetylcholinesterase
34
What is the major class of receptors for Acetylcholine?
cholinergic receptors
35
What is the major class of receptors for Norepinephrine?
Adrenergic receptors
36
What are the types of cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and Muscarinic
37
What are the types of Nicotinic receptors? (3)
Ganglionic, Skeletal muscle, Neuronal CNS
38
What are the types of Muscarinic receptors?
M1, M3, M5, M2, M4
39
What type of receptor is the Nicotinic receptor?
It's a Ligand-gated ion channel
40
What type of receptor is located aat the Neuromuscular junction?
Muscle Nicotinic receptor
41
What type of receptor is located at the Autonomic ganglia?
Peripheral Neuronal or ganlionic Nicotinic receptor
42
What receptor is at the adrenal medulla?
Peripheral neuronal or ganlionic Nicotinic receptor
43
What is the response when a Muscle Nicotinic receptor is activated?
end plate depolarization and skeletal muscle contraction
44
What is the response to an activated ganglionic nicotinic receptor? At ganglia? At adrenal?
at ganglia: depolarization and firing of post ganglionic neuron adrenal: depolarization of chromaffin cells and secretion of catecholamines
45
What type of receptor are Muscarinic receptors?
G-protein couple receptors
46
What type of G protein is associated with an M2 Muscarinic receptor?
Gi
47
What type of G protein is associated with an M3 Muscarinic receptor?
Gq
48
Where are M2 Muscarinic receptors located? (3)
Heart, nerves and smooth muscle
49
Where are M3 Muscarinic receptors located? (3)
glands, smooth muscle, endothelium
50
What is the response of an activated M2 muscarinic receptor?
decrease electrical conduction and therefore decreases in muscle contraction
51
What is the response of an activated M3 muscarinic receptor? glands? smooth muscle?
Increase secretion in glands | increase muscle contraction
52
What are the types of Adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta
53
What are the types of alpha adrenergic receptors?
alpha1 and alpha2
54
What are the types of beta adrenergic receptors?
beta1, beta2, beta3
55
What type of G protein does the alpha1 adrenergic receptor activate?
Gq
56
What type of G protein is associated with the alpha2 adrenergic receptor?
Gi
57
What type of G protein is associated with the beta1 adrenergic receptor?
Gs
58
What type of G protein is associated with the beta2 adrenergic receptor?
Gs
59
What is the general location of the alpha1 adrenergic receptor? (2) What is their response?
1) Vascular and other smooth muscles: contraction | 2) Glands: secretion
60
What is the general location of the alpha2 adrenergic receptor? (3) What is their response?
1) Nerve Terminals: Decrease NE release 2) Glands: decreased secretion 3) Vascular smooth muscle: contraction
61
What is the general location of the beta1 adrenergic receptor? (2) What is their response?
1) cardiac muscle: Increased force and rate of contraction | 2) glands: increased secretion
62
What is the general location of the beta2 adrenergic receptor? (3) What is their response?
1) Vascular and other smooth muscle: Relaxation 2) skeletal muscle: glycogenolysis 3) liver: glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
64
Effector organ: SA node of the heart Effect: Increase heart rate Receptor?
B1
65
Effector organ: Atria of the heart Effect: Increase contractility and conduction velocity Receptor?
B1
66
Effector organ: AV node His-Perkinje system Effect: Increase in automaticity and conduction velocity Receptor?
B1
67
Effector organ: Ventricles of heart Effect: Increase in contractility and conduction velocity Receptor?
B1
68
Effector organ: Arterioles Effect: Constriction Receptor?
a1
69
Effector organ: blood vessels of skeletal muscle Effect: Constriction Receptor?
a1
70
Effector organ: Blood vessels of Skeletal muscles Effect: dilation Receptor?
B2
71
Effector organ: Veins Effect: Vasoconstriction Receptor?
a1
72
Effector organ: Bronchial smooth muscle Effect: Relaxation Receptor?
B2
73
Effector organ: Uterus Effect: Relaxation Receptor?
B2
74
Effector organ: Uterus Effect: contraction during pregnancy Receptor?
a1
75
Effector organ: GI tract - Motility and tone Effect: Decrease Receptor?
a2, B1, B2
76
Effector organ: GI tract - sphincters Effect: Contraction Receptor?
a1
77
Effector organ: GI tract - Secretions Effect: Inhibition Receptor?
A2
78
Effector organ: Eye - Radial muscle of iris Effect: Contract (mydriasis) Receptor?
a1
79
Effector organ: Eye - Ciliary muscle Effect: No effect/slight relaxation Receptor?
B2
80
Effector organ: Eye - Lacrimal glands Effect: Secretions Receptor?
a
81
Effector organ: Eye - Aqueous humor Effect: Secretion Receptor?
B
82
Effector organ: Kidney Effect: Renin secretion Receptor?
B1
83
Effector organ: Urinary bladder - Detrusor Effect: Relaxation Receptor?
B2
84
Effector organ: Urinary bladder - Trigone and sphincter Effect: Contraction Receptor?
a1
85
Effector organ: Sex organs: male Effect: vas deferens contraction (ejaculation) Receptor?
a1
85
Effector organ: Fat cells Effect: Lipolysis Receptor?
B1, B2, B3
86
Effector organ: Pancreas Effect: Decrease insulin secretion Receptor?
a2
87
Effector organ: Liver Effect: Increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis Receptor?
a1 and B2
88
Effector organ: Skeletal muscle Effect: Glycogenolysis Receptor?
B2
89
Effector organ: Salivary glands Effect: Increase secretion Receptor?
a1
90
Effector organ: Sweat glands Effect: General secretion Receptor?
M2 and M3
92
Effector organ: Sweat glands Effect: Localized secretion Receptor?
a1
93
Effector organ: SA node of heart Effect: Decrease heart rate Receptor?
M2
94
Effector organ: Atria of heart Effect: Decrease contractility Receptor?
M2
95
Effector organ: AV node His-Perkinje system of heart Effect: Decrease conduction velocity; AV block Receptor?
M2
96
Effector organ: Bronchial smooth muscle of lung Effect: Contraction Receptor?
M2 and M3
97
Effector organ: Bronchial glands of lung Effect: Stimulation Receptor?
M2 and M3
98
Effector organ: Gi tract - Motility and tone Effect: Increase Receptor?
M2 and M3
99
Effector organ: GI tract - Sphincters Effect: Relaxation Receptor?
M2 and M3
100
Effector organ: GI tract - Secretions Effect: Stimulation Receptor?
M2 and M3
101
Effector organ: Eye - Sphincter muscle of iris Effect: Contract (miosis) Receptor?
M2 and M3
102
Effector organ: Eye - Ciliary muscle Effect: Contract (near vision) Receptor?
M2 and M3
103
Effector organ: Eye - Lacrimal glands Effect: Secretion Receptor?
M2 and M3
104
Effector organ: Urinary bladder - detrusor Effect: Contraction Receptor?
M3 > M3
105
Effector organ: Urinary bladder - Trigone and sphincter Effect: Relaxation Receptor?
M3 > M2
106
Effector organ: Sex organs: male Effect: Erection Receptor?
M3
107
Effector organ: Pancreas Effect: Increase secretion by acini Receptor?
M2 and M3
108
Effector organ: Nasal Effect: Secretion Receptor?
M3
109
Effector organ: Salivary glands Effect: Increase secretion Receptor?
M2 and M3
110
What is the synthetic pathway starting from tyrosine and ending in epinephrine?
Tyrosine --> DOPA --> Dopamine --> norepinephrine --> epinephrine (last step in adrenal medulla)

Block 5 (23 decks)

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