Pharm: Module 10

Question 1

what are the three types of diabetes

Answer 1

diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, diabetes insipidus

Question 2

what type of disease is type 1 diabetes

Answer 2

diabetes mellitus

autoimmune disease

Question 3

what is wrong in a type 1 diabetes patient

Answer 3

pancreas is not functioning
over 80% of pancreatic cells are destroyed
body destroyed them so pancreas can no longer produce insulin

Question 4

what does a normally functioning pancreas do

Answer 4

secretes insulin in response to blood glucose levels

Question 5

three common symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Answer 5

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 6

how does insulin work

Answer 6

attaches to cell and provides glucose entry into the cell

Question 7

what is the brain’s primary source of energy

Answer 7

glucose

Question 8

what happens in a type 1 patient

Answer 8

glucose builds up in blood and cannot enter cells

Question 9

what occurs when BG reaches 180-200

Answer 9

glucose will spill over into urine
polyuria due to hypertonic environment
particle induced diuresis

Question 10

what leads to polydipsia

Answer 10

excessive urination stimulates urge to drink

Question 11

why do type 1 often lose weight

Answer 11

body burns off fat since it is not getting glucose in cells (patient will look tired)

Question 12

what can occur due to untreated type 1

Answer 12

hypovolemic shock or DKA(diabetic ketonic acidosis if BG is over 500)

Question 13

what is occurring if there are ketones in urine

Answer 13

body is burning fat for energy (acid)

Question 14

what type of diabetes takes pills

Answer 14

type 2

Question 15

what occurs in a type 2 diabetes patient

Answer 15

excessive glucose destroys vascular base(membrane)

causes circulation issues and increased risk for infection as bacteria like to grow in sugary envrionments

Question 16

how do you know the damage has already occurred in a type 2 diabetic

Answer 16

when visual and erectile issues occur

diabetic neruoprophy

Question 17

is the pancreas working in a type 2 diabetic

Answer 17

yes, but cells are insulin resistant (cells don’t respond to it)

Question 18

do type 2 experience weight loss like type 1

Answer 18

no, because they have insulin

Question 19

describe a typical type 2 patient

Answer 19

older, overweight
diagnosed by accident
blood sugar is very high but NOT ketones

Question 20

what can type 2 lead to

Answer 20

blindness, kidney disease due to extremely vascular system (sugar kills vascular)

Question 21

do type 2 tend to end up in DKA

Answer 21

no

Question 22

hypoglycemic BG level and severe

Answer 22

<70 mg/dL

severe: <50 mg/dL

Question 23

euglycemic BG level

Answer 23

70-140 mg/dL (normal)

Question 24

hyperglycemic BG level and severe

Answer 24

> 140 mg/dL

severe: >180 mg/dL

Question 25

symptoms of hypoglycemia

Answer 25

decreased cognition, tremors, diaphoresis, weakness, hunger, headache, irritability, seizure

Question 26

symptoms of hyperglycemic

Answer 26

polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, fatigue, fruity breath, weight loss, hunger, poor wound healing

Question 27

normal fasting BG

Answer 27

70-99

Question 28

a fasting BG of what indicates diabetes

Answer 28

>200

Question 29

what is a hemoglobin AC

Answer 29

glucose control over 3 hours indicates what % of RBC has glucose most accurate pic of diabetic control

Question 30

what hemoglobin AC is normal and what is diabetic

Answer 30

normal is < 6% | diabetic is >7%

Question 31

what is the only insulin that can be given IV

Answer 31

regular

Question 32

what meds can cross placenta

Answer 32

oral meds

Question 33

what crosses placenta

Answer 33

glucose but NOT insulin

Question 34

what it lipodystrophy

Answer 34

atrophy of tissues | can occur if 1 site is not used up before moving to next

Question 35

what kills people relating to diabetes

Answer 35

the CONSEQUENCES of diabetes not actual diabetes

Question 36

when should a diabetic eat

Answer 36

when insulin is at peak

Question 37

when there is the greatest risk for hypoglycemia

Answer 37

peak

Question 38

how long it will exert therapeutic response

Answer 38

duration

Question 39

what is the rapid acting insulin

Answer 39

Lispiro

Question 40

when can you give rapid acting

Answer 40

only wen food is on tray in front of client

Question 41

when does a rapid acting peak occur

Answer 41

within 30 min

Question 42

what is short acting insulin also called

Answer 42

regular insulin

Question 43

what is the peak for regular insulin

Answer 43

30-60 min

Question 44

when do you give an IV of regular insulin

Answer 44

when patient comes in DKA (hypoglycemic and hypokalemic)

Question 45

what is D5W

Answer 45

dextrose and water

Question 46

what types of insulin is given in bolus

Answer 46

rapid and regular

Question 47

what is the peak of NPH

Answer 47

60-120 min

Question 48

describe NPH

Answer 48

intermediate insulin cloudy mimics normal pancreatic function

Question 49

what is the name of long acting

Answer 49

Lantus

Question 50

how is long acting given

Answer 50

basal dosing, steady long dose (1x a time)

Question 51

when is the long acting peak

Answer 51

no peak

Question 52

what maintains BG level

Answer 52

sliding scale

Question 53

what drugs increase BG

Answer 53

steroids (glucocorticoids) | Albuterol and epinephrine

Question 54

what drugs decrease BG

Answer 54

``` Beta Blockers(block body's response to natural epinephrine) TCA (antidepressant) ```

Question 55

describe how insulin pumps work

Answer 55

basal dose of regular insulin | at meal time a bolus is given

Question 56

what can also spike BG

Answer 56

illness and stress

Question 57

describe hypoglycemia

Answer 57

low BG | given injection of glucose (glucagon) if extremely low

Question 58

what is the 15:15 rule

Answer 58

give 15 g of simple carb then check in another 15 min | once stable give complex carb (peanut butter)