Pharm PTFE Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor mode of action
A
produce vasodilation
decrease peripheral vascular resistance
increase venous capacitance
decreases afterload
2
Q
Beta blocker mode of action
A
decrease HR
decrease cardiac contractility
(also lowers BP)
- Decreased myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing HR and contractility
- Block the action of beta receptors of sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) located in lungs, heart, skeletal muscles
3
Q
Statin-induced Side effects
A
myalgia/myopathy - skeletal breakdown
liver impairments (asterixis, CTS, ascites, etc)
rhabdomyolysis
fever
nausea
vomiting
aching muscles in legs, trunk, or arms
Burning
Tenderness
Stiffness
Cramping
4
Q
Beta blockers
A
atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol (lol meds)
Used for cardiac arrhythmias
Blocks Beta receptors - attenuates sympathetic stimulation
decrease cardiac stress
decreases HR
5
Q
Atenolol
A
Beta blocker
6
Q
Metoprolol
A
Beta blocker
7
Q
Propranolol
A
Beta blocker
8
Q
ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) inhibitors
A
captorpril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril (pril meds)
Blocks production of ACE
Reduces BP
Decreases load of heart
9
Q
Captorpril
A
ACE inhibitor
10
Q
Enalapril
A
ACE inhibitor
11
Q
Lisinopril
A
ACE inhibitor
12
Q
Ramipril
A
ACE inhibitor
13
Q
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
A
Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem)
Used for HTN and CHF
Blocks calcium entry into cardiac muscle tissue
This causes Vasodilation
Decrease vascular resistance (decrease BP)
Decreases HR
14
Q
Potential side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers
A
- Could cause excessive bradycardia
- could cause peripheral vasodilation and lead to dizziness and HA>
15
Q
Amlodipine
A
CCB
16
Q
Nifedipine
A
CCB
17
Q
Verapamil
A
CCB
18
Q
Diltiazem
A
CCB
19
Q
Nitrates (Nitroglycerin)
A
Used for Angina Pectoris
Vascular smooth muscle dilation
Decrease preload (blood returning to heart) and after afterload (vascular resistance)
Results in: decreased stress on hearts and decreased myocardial oxygen demand
20
Q
Nitrates adverse effects
A
OH
Headache
Dizziness
21
Q
Nitroglycerin
A
Nitrate
22
Q
Cardiac glycosides
A
Digoxin, digitoxin, digitalis
Increase myocardial contraction force
Inhibits sympathetic nervous system
Slows sodium-potassium pump
23
Q
Cardiac glycosides Toxicity
A
GI distress
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
Arrhythmias (PAC, PVC, A-tach, AV Blocks)
24
Q
Digoxin
A
Cardiac glycosides
25
Digitoxin
Cardiac glycosides
26
Digitalis
Cardiac glycosides
27
Statin treats?
Hyperlipidemia
28
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Statin
29
Simvastatin (Zocor)
Statin
30
Beta Agonist treats?
Asthma
COPD
31
Beta Agonist (beta-2 agonist) mode of action
A bronchodilator medicine that opens the airways by relaxing the muscles around the airways that may tighten.
Activate the Beta-2 receptor on muscles surrounding airways.
Have a short duration of action
32
Beta Agonist Administration
Inhaler
33
Beta Agonist side effects
Anxiety
Tremor
Palpations of fast HR
low blood potassium
34
Albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil)
Beta-2 agonist
35
Metaproterenol (Alupent)
Beta-2 agonist
36
Medication for Heart Failure
Digoxin/Digitalis
Increases myocardial contractility, increases cardiac output and blocks AV node conduction
Helps with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree block, paroxysmal tachycardia.
Digitalis toxicity: DIG FAST
D - Distractability
I - Indiscretion
G - Grandiosity
F - Flight of ideas
A - Activity intolerance
S - Sleep deficit
T - Talkativeness
37
Medication for HTN that is normally tried first
Diuretics
38
Types of Diuretics
Thiazide Diuretics
Loop Diuretics
Potassium Diuretics
Potassium sparing Diuretics
39
Hydrochlorothiazides
Thiazide Diuretics
40
Adverse effects of Thiazide Diuretics
Can cause lithium toxicity, Digoxin toxicity
Hyperglycemia
Hyperurecemia
Hypercalcemia
Increased LDL levels
Hypokalemia (because of the inhibiting of reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-
41
Furosemide, bumex, edecrin
Loop Diuretics
42
Adverse Effects of Loop Diuretics
Hyperglycemia
Hyperurecemia
Increased LDL levels
Hypokalemia
43
Aldactone, dyrenium, and midamo
Potassium Diuretics
44
What does Potassium sparing diuretics do differently than other diuretics?
Weaken diuretic that prevents hypokalemia (low potassium)
45
Adverse effects of Potassium sparing diuretics
Hyperkalemia (especially if they are on ACI inhibitor and K+ supplements)
46
Most common side effects of Diuretics
Spasms
47
Disease Modifying Anti Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)
Used with active continuing inflammatory disease (RA).
The goal is to stop inflammation and joint destruction. Best if used early and aggressively.
48
Methotrexate, Anticytokines, Cyclosporine
DMARDS
49
Methotrexate Adverse Effects
Side effects: loss of appetite, N/V, GI hemorrhage
Adverse effects: anemia, leukopenia, GI ulcerations, rashes, photosensitivity, HA, drowsiness, fatigue, hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity.
PT considerations: HA, N, joint pain/swelling.
Folic acid may decrease its adverse effects
50
Anti osteoporotic agents
Alendronate
51
Alendronate (Fosamax) Adverse Effects
Major side effects include myalgias and esophageal lesions (they should take 30 min prior to breakfast and they should be standing or sitting for 30 min after drug admin.
52
Aspirin
Inhibits the cox enzyme that inhibits prostoglandins
Anti-inflammatory, anti-platlet, anti-pyretic, anti-pain
53
Aspirin Adverse Effects
Side effects: GI upset, N/V, bleeding, ulcers
Adverse effects: prolonged bleeding time can be an issue with hemophilia, Vit K deficiency, liver disease
Methotrexate toxicity: decreases methotrexate excretion!!! This increases the amount in the body. —- Used for RA!!
Aspirin Overdose (Salicylate posioning)
Tinnitus, N/V, Lethargy/Excitiability, hyperventilation, severe, fever
Works directly on platelets so if going to have sx stop 8-10 days prior to sx (the life of a platelet)
54
NSAIDs (ibuprofen, advil, motrin)
Cox 1 : responsible for “good prostoglandins”
Cox 2: involved with inflammation
Acute inflammation: supposed to take in the first 72 hours and then stop to allow the bodies natural enzymes to heal
55
Adverse effects of NSAIDS
Taking these in excess can set up to rhabdomyolysis (because they are masking the damage to their body).
Side effects: fluid retention, edema, GI irritation (less than aspirin)
Adverse effects: Lithium toxicity (diarrhea, vomiting, m weakness, lack of coordination)
56
Cox-2 NSAID
Selective inhibitor NSAIDS (celexicob)
Only one that selectivity inhibits the COX! So it only targets the bad prostoglandins
Causes less side effects
57
Muscle Relaxants
Diazepam (Valium)
Tizanidine (Zanaflex)
Flexeril (cyclobenzaprin)
Robaxin (methocarbamol)
Baclofen (lioresal)
Dantrolene (Dantrium)
58
Diazepam (Valium) Adverse effects
serious drowsiness
abuse can lead to withdrawal
59
Diazepam (Valium) indication:
to treat muscle spasms
60
Tizanidine (Zanaflex) Adverse effects
Hypotension
61
Tizanidine (Zanaflex) Indication
Spasticity
62
Flexeril (cyclobenzaprin) and Robaxin (methocarbamol) indications
Temporary relief of local, acute muscle spasm
63
Flexeril (cyclobenzaprin) adverse effects
Can interact with MAOI to cause HTN crisis. Also can cause tachycardia, blurry vision and dry mouth
64
Baclofen (lioresal) Adverse effects
Treat spasticity and painful flexion or extensor spasm
65
Baclofen (lioresal) adverse effects
Drowsiness
increased seizures if pt has epilepsy
66
Dantrolene (dantrium) indications
chronic spasticity
67
Dantrolene (dantrium) adverse effects
3 D’s: drowsiness, diarrhea, and dizziness.
Also photosensitivity
68
Pt on lebodopa/carbidopa therapy with Parkinson’s disease will experience all of the following except?
1. Off phase
2. Dizziness
3. Involuntary movements
4. Marked bradycardia
4. Marked bradycardia - will actually cause tachycardia
69
Pt in on antiviral drug therapy (for treatment of AIDS). Which of the following adverse reactions during the treatment might be encountered MOST frequently during therapy?
1. Elevated BP
2. Aggressive and inappropriate behavior
3. Neuralgia and myopathies
4. Sedation and incoordination
3. Neuralgia and myopathies
70
In what way is flexeril somewhat unique among m relaxants that effect the CNS?
1. Flexeril has more peripheral effects
2. Flexeril shares pharmacological characteristics with the tricyclic anti depressants agents
3. Flexeril is a GABA agonist similar to barbiturates
4. Flexeril acts at the acetylcholine receptors, producing NM blockade.
2. Flexeril shares pharmacological characteristics with the tricyclic anti depressants agents
71
Aspirin in an acetylsalicylic acid, that inhibits platelet aggregation like all NSAIDs but is the drug of choice for thromboprophylaxis because:
1. It has predictable irreversible mechanism of action
2. It has predictable reversible mechanism of action
3. It has longer half life compared to other NSAIDs
4. It has no COX II effects
1. It has predictable irreversible mechanism of action
72
Pt in on long term NSAID therapy. The drugs reduce inflammatory process by:
Reducing the formation of the prostaglandins
73
A pt on long term corticosteroids during therapy might show all of the following except:
1. Depressed mood
2. Orthostatic hypertension
3. Anemia
4. Muscle loss
3. Anemia - doesn’t affect the RBC
74
If a pt abruptly stop a 3y course of treatment with prednisone, which of the following would you expect to observe?
1. Hypernatremia and hyperglycemia
2. Hypotension
3. Increased responsiveness to injections of ACTH
4. Decreased production of IL 1 and IL 2 (interleukins)
4. Decreased production of IL 1 and IL 2 (interleukins)
The answer would be the opposite of what the action/side effect of the drug would be. It does have hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypertension, and decreased production of interleukins when taking the drug.
75
If a pt s/p TKA that has been taking oxycodone comes to clinic 2 days after sx and begins complaining of chest burn. What questions should be asked?
GI distress
Oxycodone can cause severe constipation. So ask the pt when the pt has a last bowel movement. Can continue with therapy with this question.
76
What are the most serious side effects of thiazide diuretics?
- Hypovolemia - decreased extracellular volume
- Hyponatremia - sodium depletion
- Hypokalemia - potassium depletion
77
What is a side effect of long term use of Lithobid (lithium)
* Osteoporosis is a big sifde effect - due to this care must be taken to improve bone mass and avoid traumatic forces to the bones.
* taken for the treatment of a bipolar disorder
78
Big side effect of opioids?
Impaired cognitive functioning
Opioids cause a general slow-down of function, both cognitively and physiologically.
