Pharm- stats

Question 1

what is the definition of statistics?

Answer 1

the science of assembling, classifying, tabulating, and analyzing data of a numerical nature to present significant information about a given subject

Question 2

what are two categories of statistics?

Answer 2

descriptive statistics

statistical inference

Question 3

what is the definition of descriptive statistics?

Answer 3

a way of summarizing data from a population or a sample

Question 4

what is the definition of statistical inference?

Answer 4

comparison of data, extrapolation

Question 5

why should vets learn about statistics?

Answer 5

to be able to criticize scientific papers and their statistic analyses

Question 6

where does choice of treatment, business management and grade of cancers information come from?

Answer 6

reading papers, which are updated about new techniques, treatment and/or diagnosis

Question 7

definition of data

Answer 7

collection of information (numbers, scores, measurements)

a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables

Question 8

define qualitative data

Answer 8

non-numeric data (data can’t be counted)

Question 9

define quantitative data

Answer 9

numeric data (data can be counted)

Question 10

define observation

Answer 10

entities whose characteristics we measure

Question 11

define measurement

Answer 11

assigning numbers to observations according to pre-set rules

ex) measurement of Heart Girth

Question 12

define variable

Answer 12

a measured characteristic that can have various values or levels

Question 13

define variable

Answer 13

quantitative

can have only certain values (usually whole numbers)

Question 14

define continuous variable

Answer 14

quantitative

can have any value

Question 15

define categorical variable

Answer 15

equivalent or qualitative

non numerical

Question 16

define binary variable

Answer 16

have only 2 possible values

usually 1/0 or yes/no

Question 17

define ordinal variable

Answer 17

qualitative

non numerical but considered to have an order

Question 18

define nominal variable

Answer 18

qualitative

categorical with no order

Question 19

what are two types of variables?

Answer 19

qualitative

quantitative

Question 20

what are 3 types of qualitative variables?

Answer 20

binary
nominal
ordinal

Question 21

what are 2 types of quantitative variables?

Answer 21

discrete

continuous

Question 22

define population

Answer 22

an entire group of observations that (might) have at least one characteristic in common

Question 23

define sample

Answer 23

a group of elements selected from the population

Question 24

define parameter

Answer 24

a characteristic of a population

Question 25

define statistic

Answer 25

a characteristic of a sample

Question 26

what are two methods to summarize data?

Answer 26

text | graphical

Question 27

what are two types of text summary of data?

Answer 27

tabular frequency | numerical

Question 28

define absolute frequency

Answer 28

number of observations

Question 29

define relative frequency

Answer 29

proportion of observations

Question 30

define cumulative frequency distribution and when should it be used?

Answer 30

frequency of the scores including the frequency of the previous scores used for quantitative/ordinal variables only

Question 31

what is the graphical representation of data called and what is it a representation of?

Answer 31

histogram | representation of the frequency distribution

Question 32

what are two types of distribution of a histogram?

Answer 32

random distribution | pattern- skewed distribution

Question 33

what are the 2 parameters to describe quantitative data?

Answer 33

``` location parameter (measure of central tendency)- same pattern, different location dispersion parameter- same location, different pattern ```

Question 34

what are the 3 measures of central tendency?

Answer 34

mean median mode

Question 35

define mean, median, mode

Answer 35

mean: the average of a data set median: the middle value of a data set mode: the most frequent value of a data set

Question 36

what are 3 main measures of variability?

Answer 36

range variance & standard deviation interquartile range

Question 37

define range

Answer 37

the difference between the highest data value and the lowest value

Question 38

define variance & standard deviation

Answer 38

measure how far the distribution is spread out from the mean

Question 39

define interquartile range

Answer 39

the range between the 1at quartile and the 3rd quartile

Question 40

what is the % of values within 1 SD, 2SD and 2SD of the mean in normal distribution

Answer 40

68% 95% 99.7%

Question 41

define standard deviation

Answer 41

variability of the variable distribution for the sample or for the population

Question 42

define standard error and what does it allow?

Answer 42

standard deviation of the variable mean | allows to estimate the confidence interval of the mean

Question 43

what is the difference between a histogram and a bar plot?

Answer 43

a histogram is used to represent grouped frequency data (quantitative) bar plot is used to represent qualitative data

Question 44

what is a barplot/histogram used for?

Answer 44

to plot absolute and relative frequencies of qualitative/quantitative variable

Question 45

what is a pie chart used for?

Answer 45

to plot the relative frequencies of categorical variable

Question 46

what is a boxplot used for?

Answer 46

to plot the distribution of quantitative variable

Question 47

what is a scatter plot used for?

Answer 47

to plot 2 quantitative variables

Question 48

what is a line plot used for?

Answer 48

to plot quantitative variable in time