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VP Exam 4 > Vet Term > Flashcards

Vet Term Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the tissues

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2
Q

what does the respiratory system include and what two zones can the structures be divided into?

A 
the lungs and a series of airways that connect the lungs to the external environment
conduction zone (brings air into and our of the lungs)
respiratory zone (lines with alveoli where gas exchange occurs
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3
Q

what are the 7 structures of the conducting zone?

A 
nose
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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4
Q

what are the 2 roles of the conducting zone?

A

bring air into and out of the respiratory zone for gas exchange
humidify, warm and filter the air before it reaches the critical gas exchange region

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5
Q

what is the conducting zone also known as and why?

A

anatomic dead space

gas exchange does not occur in these pathways

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6
Q

what is the conducting airways lined with and what is its function?

A 
lined with mucus-secreting and ciliated cells
function to remove inhaled particles
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7
Q

How are large and small particles removed from the airway?

A 
large= filtered out in the nose
small= captured my mucus and swept upward by the rhythmic beating of the cilia
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8
Q

what does the wall of the conducting cone contain, what two categories are they divided into and what is the cause of them?

A

contain smooth muscle
sympathetic system/circulating epinephrine= dilation of the airways
parasympathetic system= constriction of the airways

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9
Q

what does changes in the diameter of conduction airways result in?

A

changes in their resistance, which produce changes in airflow

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10
Q

what are the 3 structures included in the respiratory zone and what is the zone’s function?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

gas exchange

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11
Q

what kind of structure are respiratory bronchioles and what are they made up of?

A

transitional structures
have cilia and smooth muscle
alveoli occasionally bud off their walls

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12
Q

what are alveolar ducts lined with, what two things don’t they contain and what do they terminate in?

A

lined with alveoli
contain no cilia and little smooth muscle
terminate in alveolar sacs, lined with alveoli

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13
Q

what are alveoli?

A

poush like envaginations of the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs

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14
Q

what are 2 characteristics of alveoli, what are they considered and why?

A

walls are thing and have a large surface for diffusion of gases
poorly perfused with blood= dead space

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15
Q

what are alveolar walls rimmed and lined with?

A

rimmed with elastic fibers

lined with epithelial cells (alveolar cells)

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16
Q

what is another name for alveolar cells, what are the two types and what are their function?

A

pneumocytes
Type 1= primary source for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
type 2= synthesize pulmonary surfactant

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17
Q

what are two functions of pulmonary surfactant synthesized by type 2 pneumocytes?

A

reduction of surface tension of alveoli

regenerative capacity for type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

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18
Q

what do alveolar cells contain, what is their function and how do they perform their function?

A

contain alveolar macrophages
keep alveoli free of dust and debris
macrophages fill with debris and migrate to bronchioles, where the beating cilia carry the debris to the upper airways and the pharynx to be swallowed or expectorated

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19
Q

what are the two phases of the respiratory cycle?

A

inspiratory

expiratory

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20
Q

what does inspiration involve?

A

an enlargement of the thorax and lungs when an accompanying inflow of air

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21
Q

The thorax enlarges by the contraction of what (2) and in which direction?

A

diaphragm: caudal direction

external intercostal muscles: cranial and outward direction

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22
Q

under normal breathing conditions, does inspiration or expiration require greater effort, and what is an exception?

A

inspiration (active)
expiration= passive
except in horses

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23
Q

when is expiration an active process? (2)

A

times of accelerated breathing

when there are impediments to the outflow of air

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24
Q

what contracts to assist in expiration? (2)

A

internal intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

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25
what are the two types of breathing?
abdominal | costal
26
what is abdominal breathing characterized by and in what conditions is it more frequently used?
visable movements of the abdomen- protrudes during inspiration and recoils during expiration normal conditions
27
what is costal breathing characterized by and in what conditions is it more frequently used?
pronounced rib movements | during painful conditions of the abdomen
28
define eupnea
normal quiet breathing
29
define dyspnea
difficult breathing
30
define hyperpnea
increased depth, frequency of both
31
define polypnea
rapid shallow breathing (similar to panting)- increased frequency but not depth
32
define apnea
cessation of breathing (can be a transient state)
33
define tachypnea
excessive rapidity of breathing
34
define bradypnea
abnormal slowness of breathing
35
define normoventilation
normal ventilation in which a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg is maintained
36
define hyperventilation
alveolar ventilation increased beyond the metabolic needs and PaCO2 below 40 mmHg causes respiraroty alkalosis
37
define hypoventilation
alveolar ventilation decreased below metabolic needs and PaCO2 above 40 mmHG acute causes respiratory acidosis
38
what is pulmonary ventilation?
the process of exchanging of gas in the airways and alveoli with gas from the environment
39
what is the main function of ventilation and what does metabolic oxygen needs require and animal to do?
replenish O2 and remove CO2 | take a certain volume of air into the lungs, especially alveoli, each minute
40
what surrounds the lung in the thoracic cavity?
a thin layer of pleural fluid
41
what kind of pressure (+/-) is between the lung and the thoracic cavity and why?
negative pressure | continual suction of excess fluids into lymphatic channels
42
what is another name for atmospheric pressure?
barometric pressure
43
how are respiratory pressures expressed?
relative to atmospheric pressure (- or +)
44
what is atm pressure when relative pressures are used?
zero
45
what must pressure in the lungs be in order for air to flow?
the pressure must be higher or lower than the barometric pressure
46
what is pleural pressure and that is another name for it?
intra-pleural pressure | the pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity
47
what is pleural pressure compared to atm pressure and when does the negative pressure increase?
less than atm pressure (slightly negative) | negative pressure increases during inspiration with the increase in volume
48
what is alveolar pressure and what is another name for it?
intra-pulmonary pressure | the pressure within the alveoli that increases and decreases with each breath
49
what is alveolar pressure compared to atm pressure?
equal to atm pressure at the end of the inspiration and expiration (rest period)
50
what must the pressure int he alveoli do in order to cause inward flow of air?
the pressure must fall to slightly negative during inspiration
51
what it transpulmonary pressure?
the pressure difference between the alceolar pressure and pleural pressure in the lungs
52
what is recoil pressure?
a measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at wach instant of respiration
53
what is the volume of the transpulmonary pressure in relation to the elastic recoil pressure of the lung?
equal and opposite of one another
54
what happens if transpulmonary pressure is zero, and what is that called?
alveolar pressure= pleural pressure, the lung collapses as a result of their inherent elastic recoil pneumothroax
55
what is normal transpulmonary pressure?
positive pressure
56
what is recoil pressure due to? (2)
stretching of elastin and collagen fibers by lung inflation | surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli
57
What effect does tension in the wall of the alveolus do versus pressure inside the alveolus to the lung?
``` tension= contract it pressure= expand it ```
58
what are surfactants?
surface-active substances for which molecules have less attraction
59
what are surfactants made of, what produces them, and where are they found?
lipoprotein complex= 30% protein and 70% lipids produced by type 2 pneumocytes accumulate at the surface of the alveoli
60
what are 2 roles of surfactants?
decrease the surface tension | displace water molecules
61
what are two results of the action of surfactants?
prevent collapse of the lungs at the end of expiration | increases pulmonary compliance (reduce the work of inflating the lungs)
62
what must the lung be able to do in order for inspiration to occur, what is this called?
the lungs must be able to expand when stretched | must have compliance
63
what is another term for lung compliance and what is it the extent of?
distensibility | the extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure
64
what factors affect complaince?
conditions that destroy lung tissue or cause it to be fibrotic or edematous or that impede lung expansion
65
how does a lack of surfactant affect compliance?
decreased compliance
66
what must the lung be able to do in order for expiration to occur, what is this called?
the lungs must get small when the stretching force is released elasticity
67
what is elasticity?
tendency to return to its initial size after being distended
68
why are lungs elastic?
high content of elastic fibers (collagen/ elastin)
69
when is elastin increased/reduced?
increased during inspiration when lungs are stretched | reduced by elastic coil during expiration
70
what foes elasticity help with during expiration and with what other structures?
aids in pushing air out | with thoracic structures
71
what is helpful with understanding mechanics of pulmonary ventilation?
boyle's law
72
what does boyle's law relate and what does the law state?
relates pressure and volume the pressure exerted by a constant number of gas molecules in a container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
73
how does increasing/decreasing volume affect pressure?
inc volume= dec pressure | dec volume= inc pressure
74
what are 5 components of the urinary system?
``` kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra genital organs ```
75
what is the main role of the urinary system?
removing waste products from blood and eliminating them as urine
76
where are the kidneys located and what is it surrounded by?
retroperitoneal space in the posterior wall of the abdomen, outside the peritoneal cavity surrounded by a tough, fibrous capsule
77
what 5 structures of the hilum?
``` renal artery renal vein lymphatics nerve supply ureter ```
78
what carries the final urine from the kidney to the bladder?
ureter
79
what are the two major regions of the kidney?
outer cortex | inner medulla
80
what is the medula divided into?
cone-shaped masses of tissue= renal pyramids
81
where does the renal pyramid originate and where does it terminate?
ordinates at the border between the cortex and medulla | terminates in the papilla
82
where does the papilla project into?
the space of the renal pelvis
83
what is the renal pelvis
a funnel-shaped continuation of the upper end of the ureter
84
what is the outer border of the renal pelvis is divided into, what does it extend into and what is its role?
open-ended pouches= major calyces | extend downward and divides into minor calyces (collect urine from tubules of papilla)
85
what structure of the calyces, pelvis and ureter helps propel the urine toward the bladder?
contractile elements
86
what are 6 other functions of the kidneys?
regulation: water& electrolyte balance, arterial pressure, acid-base balance, erythrocyte production secretion, metabolism & excretion of hormones gluconeogenesis
87
how does the kidneys regulate water and electrolyte balance?
alter NA excretion in response to changed in ECF or plasma concentrations also for Cl, K, Ca, H, Mg, PO4
88
what are two ways the kidneys regulate arterial pressure?
long-term: excrete variable amounts of Na & H20 | short-term: secrete hormones (renin) that lead to the formation of vasoactive substances (angiotensin 2)
89
what two ways does the kidneys regulate acid-base balance, what are 2 types of acids and where are they generated?
Excrete acids & regulate the body fluid buffer stores sulfuric acid & phosphoric acid generated by the metabolism of proteins
90
how do the kidneys regulate erythrocyte production?
secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of RBC by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
91
what does severe kidney disease lead to?
anemia
92
how do the kidneys regulate Vit D production?
produce active form of Vit D (calcitriol)
93
what are two roles of calcitrol?
Ca reabsorption by the GI tract | Ca/PO4 regulation
94
how do the kidneys promote gluconeogenesis?
synthesize glucose from AA and other precursors during prolonged fasting
95
what is the functional unit of the kidney, what is its role and what is an important fact about them?
nephron form urine don't regenerate
96
what are two components of a nephron?
glomerulus | tubule
97
what is glomerulus made of, what is its function, what is it covered by and what is it encased in?
group of glomerular capillaries gilters large amounts of fluid from the blood covered by epithelial cells encased in the bowman's capsule
98
what is the role of tubule in nephron?
converts filtered fluid into urine
99
where does fluid filtered by glomerular capillaries flow into first, then second and third?
bowman's capsule proximal tubule loop of henle
100
what does each loop of henle consist of and what are each of their walls like?
descending limb= thin | ascending limb= thick
101
what is at the end of the ascending limb?
short segment with a wall of plaque of specialized epithelial cells= macula densa
102
where does fluid go after the macula densa, which is followed by what 3 structures before being transported through what into what?
enters the distal tubue then connecting tubule, cortical collecting tubule and collecting duct transports through the pyramids to the real pelvis
103
what are two categories of nephron structures and what are their differences dependent on?
cortical nephrons juxtamedullary nephrons depending on how deep they lie within the kidney
104
what are two structural components of cortical nephrons?
have glmeruli located in the cortex | have short loops of Henle that penetrate only a short distance into the medulla
105
what % of neurons are juxtamedullary and what are two structural components?
20-30% lie deep in the cortex near the medulla have long loops of Henle that dip deeply into the medulla
106
what is the cortical nephrons surrounded by?
an extensive network of peritubular capillaries
107
what extends from juxtaglomerular nephrons and where do they extend to?
long efferent arterioles from the glomeruli into the outer medulla
108
what do the efferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular nephrons divide into, what do they lie next to and where do they empty?
divide into specialized peritubular capillaries= vasa recta extend down into medulla, next to loops of Henle returns towards the cortex and empty into the cortical veins
109
what is the role of the specialized network of capillaries in the medulla?
formation of a concentrated urine
110
what does urine formation a result of? (4)
glomerular filtration tubular reaborption tubular secretion excretion
111
what are the 2 main parts of the lymphatic system, and what are included in each part?
vessels: capillaries, collecting vessels, trucks & ducts | Tissues & organs: tonsils, thymus, spleen, peyer's patches, appendix. circulating lymph
112
what are 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
fluid balance fat absorption immunological defense
113
what are 2 methods that the lymphatic systems controls fluid balance?
transports excessive interstitial fluid back to the blood circulation controls interstitial fluid protein concentration, volume & pressure
114
how does the lymphatic system absorb fat?
absorbs & transports digested fat from chyle from the digestive system transports in the nodes to the blood circulation to be processed by the liver
115
what are 3 methods that the lymphatic system is involved wit immunological defense?
macrophages carry foeign bodies, microbes & cancerous cells towards the lymph nodes, to be destroyed lymphocytes in the nodes monitor lymph for antigens and mount an attack against them filtration

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