Pharm Week 1 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is the definition of a drug?
a substance that acts on living systems at the molecular level.
What is the definition of pharmacology?
the study of the interaction of drugs with living systems
What is the definition of Medical Pharmacology?
the study of drugs in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease
What is the definition of Toxicology
the study of the adverse effects (not side effects) of chemical agents on living systems
What is a drug receptor?
the molecular component of the body that directly interacts with a drug to bring about its effect
Pharmacodynamics is what?
the study of the effects of drugs on the body, including dose response relationships and drug-receptor interactions
What is pharmacokinetics?
the study of the actions of the body on the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
The movement of a chemical across a membrane is the function of what?
Area and Thickness determine the diffusion rate of a chemical across a membrane
Describe long-acting vs. short-acting drugs
Long acting tend to be irreversible/covalent bonds and short acting are van der waals and ionic.
Why does MW have to do with specificity?
Drugs under a MW of 100 lack specificity for a substrate, and large drugs over MW of 1000 cannot be easily absorbed and distributed.
What is an agonist?
if the drug-receptor binding results in activation of the receptor, it is an agonist.
What is an antagonist?
If drug-receptor binding results in inhibition of the receptor, it is an antagonist.
What are receptor sites vs. inert binding sites?
Receptor sites are areas of receptor molecules that drugs bind to. Inert binding sites are non-regulatory molecules that the drugs bind to with no effect. Albumin is an example of an inert binding site.
Define permeation and name the types.
The movement of drug molecules into and within the tissues. The types are: aqueous diffusion, lipid diffusion, special carriers, endocytosis/exocytosis.
What is aqueous diffusion?
movement of molecules through watery extracellular and intracellular spaces. The molecules travel through aquaporins. The brain and testes lack aquaporins so are less exposed to drugs that travel via aqueous diffusion.
What is lipid diffusion?
Lipid diffusion is the passive movement of molecules through membranes and other lipid structures.
How do special carriers move drugs?
Drugs that do not readily diffuse via lipid or aqueous diffusion. They hop on carrier molecules that carry similar native molecules in the human body. These are not governed by FIck’s law but by saturation of carriers.
What does Fick’s Law say?
That the two factors in drug movement across a membrane is thickness and surface area. The greater the membrane thickness, the slower the movement. The greater the surface area, the faster the rate of movement.
How are drugs moved by endocytosis?
When the drug binds to a receptor on the membrane, and the membrane then wraps around it and forms an intracellular vesicle, the drug has been endocytosed. The vesicle then releases the drug into the cytoplasm.
What are some examples of drugs moving by endocytosis?
Large molecules like proteins enter cells by endocytosis. Two small molecules combine with proteins to by endocytosed. Examples are Iron with transferrin and Vitamin B12 with intrinsic factor.
What drugs are moved by exocytosis?
Typically neurotransmitters.
How does charge affect lipid solubility?
The lipid solubility of a molecule is inversely proportional to its charge. Greater the charge, less lipid soluble a molecule is.
What is the Henderson Hasselbach equation?
Log (protonated)/(deprotonated) = pKa - pH (system)
describe whether protonated weak acids, unprotonated weak acid, protonated weak bases, unprotonated weak bases are charged and if they are water or lipid soluble.
unprotonated weak acids are charged and water soluble. Protonated weak acids are uncharged and lipid soluble. Protonated weak bases are charged and water soluble. unprotonated weak bases are uncharged and lipid soluble.
