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pharma 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Potentiation

A

one drug ↑ effect of another. e.g. Diazepam + analgesic at a lower dose Clonidine + alcohol = inhibition of CNS Neuroleptanalgesia (fentanyl + droperidol)

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2
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

hereditary enzymopathy
unpredictable effect. e.g. G6PD-deficiency – hemolytic anemia

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3
Q

Acquired tolerance

A

↓ in effect after days/weeks of treatment e.g. Bisacodyl ,Promedol

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4
Q

tachyphylaxis

A

rapid decrease in drug effect / activity after repetitive use of a drug. e.g. morphinism
indirect-acting adrenergic agonist to treat rhinitis

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5
Q

material accumulation

A

accumulation fo substance. eg. digoxin

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6
Q

indirect functional antagonism

A

opposite effect of 2 drugs having different mechanism of action e.g. Proserin (stimulates skeletal muscles) + halothane (relaxes skeletal muscles, reduces proserin effect)

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7
Q

direct antagonism

A

both drugs bind to the same receptor e.g. Proserin + atropine

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8
Q

teratogenic effect

A

harmful effect on fetus during pregnancy e.g. Paracetamol / Sodium valproate / Doxycycline / Ciprofloxacine

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9
Q

glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

hemolytic anemia e.g. Aspirin / Sulfonamides / Quinine (chingamin) / Primaquine

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10
Q

induction of microsomal enzymes P450

A

PHENOBARBITAL

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11
Q

Withdrawal /
Abstinence syndrome

A

when patient stopstaking a drug suddenly prednisolone, b-blockers

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12
Q

Proserine
Cholinomimetics (Cholinergicagonists)

A

cholinesterase inhibitor/ anticholinesterase drug.
paralysis / enteroparesis myasthenia to restore/stimulate intestinal peristalsis bladder atony / urinary retention
Intoxication: stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system: myosis, sweating (hyperhydration), salivation, nausea+vomiting, diarrhea + muscle spasms (for anticholinesterases / proserin)

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13
Q

Mushroom
poisoning
(muscarine

A

muscarine stimulates M-cholinergic receptors stimulation of parasympathetic NS
Intoxication: myosis, sweating, hypersalivation, nausea+vomiting, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, hypotension

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14
Q

Atropine

A

cholinergic blocker muscarinic/ M-blocker
antispasmodic bradycardia to decrease salivation to prevent hypersalivation and laryngospasm
Intoxication: thirst (dry mouth)+dilated pupils (mydriasis)/impaired vision +tachycardia+ agitation Contraindication: glaucoma

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15
Q

Dithyline

A

depolarizing muscle relaxantinitial twitching
/ contraction of muscles
trachea intubation during surgery
Side effect: respiratory paralysis Antidote: fresh frozen/ citrated plasma

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16
Q

Tubocurarine
(Curariform subs)

A

non-depolarizing muscle
relaxant
relaxation of all skeletal muscles Mechanism: blockade of N-cholinergic receptors of the synaptic membrane Antidote: Proserin (to restore spontaneous respiration)

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17
Q

Noradrenalin

A

non-selective adrenergic
agonist
hypotension (activates of α1-receptors)

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18
Q

Mesatone (Phenylephrine)

A

-adrenergic agonist, activation of α1-receptors
acute hypotension collapse/ acute vascular insufficiency (low BP) for pupil dilation (ophtalmology)

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19
Q

Isadrin (Isoproterenol)

A

β1+β2-adrenergic agonist
bronchial asthma (not recommended)
Side effect: heart stimulation: tachycardia, more frequent stenocardia attacks

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20
Q

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

A

non-selective adrenergic agonist
anaphylactic shock insulin overdose (hypoglycemia)
Effects: increases the strength of cardiac contractions, activates cardiac (heart) β-adrenergic receptors increases plasma glucose level by activation of glycogenolysis in liver

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21
Q

Reserpine

A

hypotensive, sympatolytic
hypertension
Side effects: sleepiness, stomach pain

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22
Q

Lidocaine

A

local anesthetic
+ antiarrhythmicdrug
all types of anesthesia
blocks sodium ion channels Mechanism: membrane ionic

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23
Q

Novocaine
(Procaine)

A

local anesthetic
blocks sodium ion channels

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24
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Antidepressants Amithriptiline

A

inhibit MAO ↑ levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin in synapses
depression DO NOT change Acetylcholine levels

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25
Aminazine
antipsychotic neuroleptic drug hallucinations psychosis (alcoholic) schizophrenia
26
Droperidol
neuroleptic + fentanyl = neuroleptanalgesia
27
Diazepam
benzodiazepinetranquilizer for sedation/ anxiety/ neurosis sleeplessness epilepsy / epileptic seizures, status epilepticus
28
Nitrazepam
benzodiazepine,sedative-hypnotic GABA-ergic system activation hypnotic with tranquillizing effect insomnia (caused by emotional disorder)
29
Levodopa
stimulates dopamine receptors Parkinson’s disease
30
Sodium valproate
anticonvulsant epilepsy / depression teratogenic
31
Phenobarbital
barbiturates sedative-hypnotic anticonvulsant Inducer of microsomal oxidation enzymes P450
32
Sodium bromide Bromine salts
sedative neurasthenia Side effects: rhinitis + conjunctivitis +cough, skin rashes
33
Piracetam
nootropic drug to improve their memory
34
Morphine narcotic analgesic
narcotic analgesic / opioid for severe /strong pain Overdose: respiratory depression (Chain-Stoke’s respiration) + miosis + coma Antagonist: Naloxon
35
Naloxon
opioid antagonist acute morphine poisoning
36
Promedol
antispasmodic narcotic analgesic for severe spasmodic pain bone fragments reposition (fracture) myocardial infarction - to prevent cardiogenic shock urolithiasis, severe pain attack – for shock prevention
37
Fentanyl
narcotic analgesic / opioid + droperidol = neuroleptanalgesia
38
Paracetamol
antipyretic / analgesic fever, pain, flu symptoms
39
Aspirin
anti-inflammatory drug blocks the action of cyclooxygenase (COX), non-selective
40
Diclofenac sodium
NSAID non-selective COX-inhibitor arthritis (rheumatoid) Side effects: gastric ulcer (due to COX-1 inhibition)
41
Celecoxib
NSAID COX-2 selective for arthritis + peptic ulcer / history of chronic gastritis Side effect: thrombosis of skin veins
42
oxytocin
posterior pituitary hormone to stimulate uterine contractions to induce labor
43
vasopressin
pituitary hormone diabetes insipidus
44
Prednisolon Glucocorticoids
hormone anti-inflammatory drug immunosupressant inhibit phospholipase A2 rheumatoid arthritis systemic diseases Side effects:↓ corticotropine Immunosuppression, hypertension, osteoporosis, gastric ulcer, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia (gluconeogenesis activation)
45
Insulin rapid-acting
pancreatic hormone diabetes mellitus Kussmaul breathing acetone odor of breath Side effects: hypoglycemia (anxiety, cold sweat, tremors, general weakness, dizziness) Antagonist: Adrenaline hydrochloride
46
Glibenclamide
oral antidiabetic / hypoglycemic sulfonylurea derivative type 2 / insulin-independent diabetes hyperglycemia + glucosuria
47
L‐thyroxin
thyroid hormone hypothyroidism / autoimmune thyroiditis
48
Oral contraceptives
inhibit production of gonadotropic hormone
49
Loratadine
antiallergic II gen antihistamine blocks H1 receptors allergic / seasonal vasomotor rhinitis allergy 24-hour period of action no / weak sedative effect no effect on CNS
50
Dimedrol Benadryl (Diphenhydramine)
I generation antihistamine + hypnotic Allergy symptoms: swelling, hyperemia, skin itching, skin rash sedative action with local anesthetic, antispasmodic effects
51
Vicasol (Menadione)
vitamin K synthesis of coagulation factors activate carboxylation of glutaminic acid for bleeding for haemorrhage prevention (in prothrombin deficiency) nasal hemorrhages / nosebleeds
52
Nicotinamide
vitamin B3 pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
53
α‐Tocopherol
vitamin E natural antioxidant antiradiation effect pregnancy (miscarriages in anamnesis)
54
Ascorbicacid + Rutin
vitamin C scurvy, bleeding gums petechiae on the skin subcutaneous hemorrhages
55
Ergocalciferol
vitamin D rickets facilitates calcium accumulation in bone tissue and dentine
56
Cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B 12 megaloblastic anemia
57
Retinol acetate
Vitamin A maintenance of normal vision hemeralopy/night blindness/photoreception disorder xerophthalmia to accelerate healing of ulcer
58
Methyluracil
stimulates healing of wounds, fractures accelerates formation of connective tissue matrix
59
Digoxin / Digitoxin
cardiac glycoside long-acting cardiotonic chronic (congestive) heart failure/ insufficiency + atrial flutter (tachyarrhythmia) Side effects: material accumulation (nausea, fatigue, extrasystole) Intoxication: arrhythmia, nausea, ↓ diuresis, insomnia, disturbed perception of colors action - to withhold digitoxin
60
Strophanthin / Corglycon
cardiac glycoside short-acting acute heart failure (rapid pulse, dyspnea, edema of lower extremities, ascites)
61
Dobutamine
β1-adrenergic agonist non-glycoside cardiotonic acute heart failure cardiogenic shock + hypotension
62
Lidocaine
antiarrhythmic drug paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
63
Propranolol (Anaprilin)
β-blocker non-selective decreases pumping ability of heart hypertension + ↑ renin angina / stenocardia arrhythmia Contraindicated in bronchial asthma
64
Metoprolol
selective β1- adrenoceptor blockers stenocardia (angina) + high blood pressure (hypertension)
65
Lisinopril
ACE inhibitor antihypertensive ↓ angiotensin II hypertension Side effects: hyperkalemia
66
Clonidine (Clophelin)
central α2-adrenoceptor agonist hypertensive crisis Side effects: dry mouth, sleepiness and sluggishness
67
Amiodarone
antiarrhythmic drug blocks potassium (K) channels arrhythmia
68
Verapamil
calcium channels blocker angina, hypertension arrhythmia
69
Amlodipine
calcium channels blocker arterial hypertension
70
Nitroglycerine Organic nitrates
nitrate antianginal drug angina pectoris (stenocardia) - reduces the myocardial oxygen consumption improves blood supply of myocardium - restoration of energy supply (intensification of ATP resynthesis) Side effects: headache, hyperemia of face Cyanide toxicity – formation of methemoglobin
71
Magnesium sulfate
Intravenous ( IV): antihypertensive anticonvulsant Oral use – laxative, cholagogue hypertensive crisis sedation antihypertensive effect sedative, spasmolytic and anticonvulsive effect Antagonist: Calcium chloride
72
Panangin
K+Mg aspartate hypokalemia
73
Furosemide
diuretic in cerebral/pulmonary edema acute poisoning (forced diuresis)
74
Spironolactone
diuretic aldosterone antagonist to increase diuretic effect to prevent K+ loss add to “digoxin + thiazide” hyperaldosteronism WILL NOT have diuretic effect on a patient with Addison's disease
75
Hydrochlorothiazide
diuretic hypertension chronic heart failure increases digoxin toxicity (excretion of K+)
76
Allopurinol
uricosuric reduces uric acid gout Mechanism: competitive inhibitor ofxanthine oxidase
77
Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid
antiplatelet drug disaggregating (antiplatelet) effect stenocardia prophylaxis of thrombosis
78
haparin
direct/ natural anticoagulant thrombosis parenteral use Side effects: bleeding / hemorrhage / hematuria Antagonist – Protamine sulfate
79
Warfarin
indirect anticoagulant antagonist of vitamin K to prevent thrombosis ↓prothrombin Side effects: bleeding / hemorrhage Antagonist: Vicasol / fresh frozen plasma
80
sodium chloride
simple blood substitute after acute hemorrhage
81
Pirenzepine
M-cholinergic blocker chronic gastritis with increased secretion
82
Almagel
antacid hyperacidity heartburn ↓ absorption of other drugs Almagel + antibiotic = no effect
83
Sodium hydrocarbonate
antacid Hyperacidity / heartburn chronic hyperacidic gastritis Not recommended sensation of stomach swelling
84
Metoclopramide
antiemetic + prokinetic nausea, vomiting
85
Myotropic antispasmodics(papaverin, drotaverin)
intestinal spasms/colic Side effects: ↓ BP
86
Famotidine
histamine H2-receptor blocker (in stomach) peptic ulcer disease
87
Contrycal (Aprotinin)
proteolysis inhibitor enzyme inhibitor acute pancreatitis
88
Bisacodyl
laxative constipation
89
Ambroxol Acetylcystein
expectorant mucolytic drug pathogenetic therapy wet cough chronic bronchitis
90
Glaucine
antitussive non-narcotic dry cough
91
Aethimizole
analeptic newborn child with asphyxia
92
Salbutamol
β2-adrenergic agonist asthma / bronchospasm
93
Bronchospasm management
activate β2-adrenergic receptors block M-cholinergic receptors (reduce effect of vagus)
94
Potassium permanganate
antiseptic oxidizing agent releases (atomic) oxygen gastric lavage in morphine poisoning skin (burns) cleaning
95
Alcohol solution of Iodine
halogen-containing antiseptic Mechanism: substitution of hydrogen atoms pustular rash on the skin dermatomycosis (fungal infection of skin)
96
Hydrogen peroxide
antiseptic oxidizing agent to rinse the oral cavity for gingivitis
97
Chloramine
disinfection
98
Co‐trimoxazole
sulfonamide ↓ folic acid toxoplasmosis Side effects: macrocytic anemia
99
Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
β-lactam antibiotic bacterial pneumonia Mechanism of action: inhibition of cell wall synthesis / blocks synthesis of peptidoglycan of microbal membrane Side effects: allergic reactions neurotoxicity(antagonism withGABA)
100
Amoxicillin
broad-spectrum penicillin bacillary dysentery
101
Azithromycin Erythromycin
macrolide antibiotic binds to the 50S inhibit protein synthesis (elongation) pneumonia
102
Doxycycline
broad spectrum antibiotic tetracycline group cholera plague Side effects: affects bones and teeth teratogenic avoid in pregnancy !!!DO NOT take with milk avoid sunlight / long stay in the sun
103
Cephalosporins
broad-spectrum antibiotics septic infections
104
ciprofloxacin
fluroquinolone antibiotic side effect: damage to the cartilage contraindicated in children under 15
105
Lincomycin
antibiotic osteomyelitis easily penetrates into bone tissue
106
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
antibiotic Side effect: hearing impairment and vestibular disorders (ototoxicity) + nephrotoxicity
107
Amicacin
antibiotic aminoglycoside for gram-negative Pseudomonas infection
108
Laevomycetin / Chloramphenicol
broad spectrum antibiotic typhoid fever patient’s condition worsened ‐ effects of endotoxins of the causative agent
109
dysbacteriosis
complication of antibiotic therapy eubiotics are used to normalize intestinal microflora
110
Izoniazid
Antibiotic Antivitamin (B6) interacts with NAD tuberculosis (TBC) Side effect: peripheral neuritis / polyneuritis / neuritis of visual nerve Vitamin B6 for prevention
111
Streptomycin
antibiotic tuberclosis Side effect: hearing deterioration
112
Rifampicin
antibiotic tuberclosis Side effect: colors urine red
113
Acyclovir
antiviral herpes virus
114
Metronidazole
antiprotozoal drug anti-anaerobic lambliosis amebic dysentery trichomoniasis + Anaerobic infection Don’t use with alcohol (disulfiram-like effect)
115
Fluconazole
antifungal/ antimycotic drug fungal infection / mycosis candidiasis
116
Nystatin
antifungal oral thrush
117
mebendazole
antihelmintic ascariasis
118
Chingamin
malaria amebiasis treatment individual chemoprophylaxis Antimalarial drugs - antagonists of riboflavin (vitB2): ↓FAD-dependent dehydrogenase
119
tripsin
enzymatic drug for topical treatment to clean the wound from necrotic tissues
120
Calcium chloride
direct coagulant “hot injection” to stop the bleeding After injection: pain along the vein, hot sensation
121
Methotrexate
anticancer / antimetabolite immunosupressant inhibits dehydrofolate reductase ↓ folic acid / DNAsynthesis
122
Unithiol / Dimercaprol
antidote Digoxin overdose Bismuth intoxication / heavy metals poisoning (lead)
123
ethanol
antidote methanol toxication
124
Eubiotics
dysbacteriosis
125
Adsorbents Activated charcoal
poisoning
126
reflective type from the H-cholinomimetics group was given to the patient for restoration of breathing after poisoning with carbon monoxide
Lobeline hydrochloride
127
pneumonia has intolerance to antibiotics. Which of the conbined sulfanilamide medicines should be prescribed to the patient?
Biseptol
128
Diuretic drug was prescribed to the patient with hypertension in the course of complex treatment. In a few days BP decreased but signs of hypokaliemia developed
lasix
129
diclofenac sodium
NSAID non-selective COX-inhibitor arthritis (rheumatoid) Side effects: gastric ulcer (due to COX-1 inhibition)
130
surgical department because of infection caused by blue pus bacillus (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which is sensative to penicillin antibiotics
Carbenicillin disodium
130
surgical department because of infection caused by blue pus bacillus (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which is sensative to penicillin antibiotics
Carbenicillin disodium
131
During an operation a patient got injection of muscle relaxant dithylinum. Relaxation of skeletal muscles and inhibition of respiration lasted two hours. This condition was caused by absence of the following enzyme in blood serum:
Butyrylcholin esterase
132
wound from the pus washed it with 3% hydrogen peroxide. Foam was absence. What caused the absents on the drug activity?
Inherited insufficiency of catalase

KROK 1 BASE (8 decks)

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