Pharma 1

Question 1

What are the three ways that you can name a certain medication? Which one is the most used?

Answer 1

Medication can be named by its chemical name by its generic name as well as its trade name.
chemical name (N-Acetyl-para-aminophenol), generic name (Ibuphrophen) , trade name (Advil)
The chemical name no one really cares.
In clinical setting we use the generic and commercial name

Question 2

Describe the facteurs cinétiques affectant la concentration d’un médicament à son site d’action

Answer 2

Absorption:This is the process by which the drug enters the systemic circulation from its site of administration

Distribution:After absorption, the drug is distributed throughout the body. The speed and extent of distribution depend on several factors, including blood flow to the tissues, the drug’s solubility, and the binding of the drug to plasma proteins and tissue reservoirs

Biotransformation: Also known as metabolism, this is the process by which the body chemically alters the drug. This usually takes place in the liver

Elimination:This is the process by which the drug and its metabolites are removed from the body, primarily through the kidneys

Question 3

How would you describe the difference between a kinetic response of first order versus zero order

Answer 3

Has to do with saturation of transporters

Premier: When speed increases proportionally to the dose (absorption, elimination and distribution)

Ordre Zero: When speed is not dependent on the dose

First-order kinetics allows for easier dose adjustments and is less likely to result in toxicity.We can control it

On the other hand, in zero-order kinetics, the rate of drug elimination is constant and does not depend on the drug concentration

Question 4

What are
Cmax, Tmax, Surface sous la courbe

Answer 4

Cmax : the maximal concentration. Reached when absorption rate and elimination rates are the same
Tmax : the time to get to Cmax. This is the time until elimination and absorption are the same.
AUC: **In short it is the quantity of medication that has reached the bloodstream. **How much drug is covering the body over time.. The AUC tells us how much of the drug ‘travels’ through your body over time. If the AUC is high, it means a lot of the drug is reaching its destination. If it’s low, not as much is getting there.

Question 5

What is a drug that has a order zero kinetic?

Answer 5

Ethanol
Aspirin

Question 6

What does it mean concretely when we are taking a zero order drug such as ethanol in terms of doubling the dosage? What would this be if the kinetic was of first order instead?

Answer 6

In zero order when we are doubling the dose of say Aspirin instead of getting a doubling in response as we would get if it was first order we get some arbitrary number that we can’t really predict. This is what makes zero order drugs so dangerous

Question 7

What do we mean when we say variability in medication response?

Answer 7

We mean that everyone will have a different response in a sort of distribution to the same medication than they take.

Question 8

Provide an example That presents the phenomenon of inter individual changes in drug action variability

Answer 8

The B-2 receptor And its response to medication. The B-2 receptor is present only in some patients that have the alleles for it and so the action of a certain drug on these patients will be larger than others aka C Max

Question 9

What are the two things that influence half life of a medication questionmark

Answer 9

It is influenced solely by the elimination rate of the medication as well as the distribution in different issues

Question 10

What are the two places in the intestine that there isn’t a lot of absorption of medication ?

Answer 10

The stomach due to the acidity, the colon

Question 11

What is the only form of medication that can pass through the membrane

Answer 11

Only the non ionized form can pass through the membrane

Question 12

True or false; the majority of medication is absorbed via passive diffusion

Answer 12

False the majority of medication is absorbed via active transport

Question 13

Describe the absorption process of a drug in the intestine. Very high level

Answer 13

The drug will enter via the apical membrane and then exit into the portal vein system via the basilateral membrane

Question 14

What is MDR 1

Answer 14

MDR 1 is a sort of E flux transporter that takes medications from inside the interior sites and transports them out in the apical membrane. This of course is not great when we are giving drugs as it reduces the amount of drug that is absorbed,, however this is there to protect us against toxins.

Question 15

Why does grapefruit affect bioavailability?

Answer 15

Grapefruit is capable of inhibiting eflux transporters such as MDR 1, which leads to an increased amount of absorbed medication. Can lead to toxicity

Question 16

Define elimination constant otherwise known as KEL

Answer 16

This is essentially the speed at which the organism can clear the medication

Question 17

At what point do we get c Max

Answer 17

At the point where the amount that is being absorbed is the same with the rate that is being eliminated. As the medication is being absorbed at the beginning because there is a lot of medication the absorption rate is faster as it is dependent on the constant times the concentration. However as we absorb the concentration of them education decrease, while increasing in the bloodstream. This increase in the bloodstream of medication means that the elimination rate now increases.

Question 18

True or false:
Half life will change if we reduce the rate of absorption of a medication.

Answer 18

False it remains constant

Question 19

Describe what happens when ka is reduced. Give an example of what could do this.

Answer 19

When the constant of absorption is reduced, the rate of absorption is reduced. In consequence, cmax will be lower because the medication gets into the blood circulation slowerly. Overall the rate of absorption decreases slowly and the rate of elimination increases slowerly as well. Such tea bags also increases as the time to reach the equality between the rate of absorption and rate elimination is longer.

This could happen in cases where the vidage gastric is reduced

Question 20

True or false;
the area under the curve for medication will change if we change the constant of absorption and elimination, but the half life of the medication will not change.

Answer 20

False,
They both remain the same

Question 21

Why would c max change when you are changing the absorption constant

Answer 21

Changing the K doesn’t lead to changes in the elimination cost centre as such if you are absorbing at a slower rate you are still eliminating which means it takes longer to reach cmax which means there is more time to eliminate the amount that’s entered the bloodstream. Such decreasing the KA will decrease the C Max this also decreasing the therapeutic effect

Question 22

True or false ; the variations in pharmacosynetics will impact all types of medication

Answer 22

False the only medication that will be affected are the medications that are taken once. In fact in practice most medications are taken in a continuous form and so the small changes in variations don’t have a great effect on cmax

Question 23

What are some factors that can reduce stomach emptying. Give at least 5

Answer 23

The type of liberation of the medication is slow
Type of food [rich in lipids ]
Aging, pregnancy
Pathologies [hypothyroidism]
Some type of medication

Question 24

Give three factors that accelerate absorption rate

Answer 24

The type of liberation of the medication is fast
Pathologies like hyperthyroidism
Some types of medication