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Resp > Pharma LRTI > Flashcards

Pharma LRTI Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchitis treatment

A

Amoxicillin, Clavulanic Acid,

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2
Q

Bronchiolitis treatment

A

supportive:
oxygen inhalation, bronchodilators, mechanical
o
ventilation, parenteral fluids to limit dehydration, correct respiratory acidosis and
electrolyte imbalance, etc.

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3
Q

children under the age of 8 with bronchitis are usually given

A

amoxicillin

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4
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Tetracyclines

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5
Q

Bacteriostatic drug

A

Tetracyclines

Co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole & trimethoprim)(antifolate)

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6
Q

used to treat Pneumocystis

corinii infection in patients with AIDS.

A

Co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole & trimethoprim)

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7
Q

Folic Acid Antagonists or Anti-folates:

A

Co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole & trimethoprim)

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8
Q

Sulofonamides are structural analogues for

A

PABA

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9
Q

Sulofonamides inhibit enzyme

A

dihydropteroate

synthetase

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10
Q

Trimethoprime inhibits the enzyme

A

dihydrofolate reductase

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11
Q

Sulofonamides inhibit synthesis of

A

Folate

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12
Q

Trimethoprime inhibit synthesis

A

tetrahydrofolic acid

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13
Q

tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis an important cofactor in

A

thymidylate (and hence DNA) synthesis.

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14
Q

Unwanted effects of sulfonamides include

A

hepatitis, hypersensitivity reactions, bone marrow depression and crystalluria.

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15
Q

Unwanted effects of trimethoprim include

A

blood disorders and skin rashes.

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16
Q

Folate deficiency can be prevented by giving

A

folinic acid.

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17
Q

The cell wall of bacteria contains———-, which is not found in eukaryotic cells.

A

peptidoglycan

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18
Q

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin)

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19
Q

Bactericidal drugs

A

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin)

-Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin

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20
Q

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin) inhibit the enzyme

A

bacterial transpeptidase enzymes

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21
Q

bacterial transpeptidase enzymes responsible for

A

cross-linking peptide chains of peptidoglycan and hence cell wall synthesis.

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22
Q

The intrinsic activity of β-lactam antibiotics against a particular organism depends on its ability to gain access to and bind with the necessary.

A

PBP.

penicillin-binding-proteins

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23
Q

broad spectrum

A

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin)

24
Q

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin)

Adverse reactions:

A

Hypersensitivity
Cross-sensitivity or cross-alergenicity.
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

25
Q

Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to penicillins & cephalosporins (β- Lactams)
Most common.

A

Inactivation of the drug by β-Lactamases

26
Q

Beta lactamase inhibitors:

A

Clavulanic acid

Monobactams

Carbapenems

27
Q

Clavulanic acid Given in combination with

A

hydrolyzable β-lactamases e.g., amoxycillin (co-amoxiclav).

28
Q

Glycopeptide Antibiotics ex

A

Vancomycin

29
Q

Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin

inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to

A

D-Ala-D-Ala region of the peptidoglycan

30
Q

Glycopeptides bind to precursors of cell wall

synthesis and inhibit

A

peptidoglycan elongation

31
Q

Glycopeptides Binding of penicillin (D-Ala-D-Ala residue)

and results in

A

alteration of bacterial cell wall permeability.

32
Q

Glycopeptide Antibiotics Inhibit- synthesis

A

RNA

33
Q

Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin

A

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

34
Q

Useful against MRSA, S. epidermidis infections, and gram +ve infections in penicillin allergic patients.

A

Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin

35
Q

Vancomycin Not absorbed orally, given i.v. except in case of

A

Clostridium difficile colitis (GIT infection

36
Q

Tetracyclines bind to — bind to

A

30S

37
Q

inhibit protein synthesis (inhibit tRNA binding to mRNA)

A

Tetracyclines

38
Q

It’s Adverse effects:
Hepatotoxicity, phototoxicity
Teratogenic effects
and serious effect on developing teeth (permanent yellow/brown).

A

Tetracyclines

39
Q

bind irreversibly to 30S > misreading of the message

A

Aminoglycosides: streptomycin

40
Q

Aminoglycosides: streptomycin

Characteristics

A

Killing is concentration dependent

Exhibit Post Antibiotic Effect (PAE)

41
Q

not susceptible to aminoglycosides

A

Anaerobic bacteria

42
Q

Adverse effects:

Aminoglycosides: streptomycin

A

Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade.

Low therapeutic index

43
Q

Macrolides: erythromycin bind to

A

50S

44
Q

Macrolides: erythromycin inhibit

A

translocation. (Movement to E, exit site)

45
Q

Macrolides: erythromycin inhibit or inactivate which drug

A

1) digoxin
2) Cyt-P450 &
3) metabolism of other drugs (e.g. warfarin).

46
Q

Macrolides interact/inactivate digoxin,causes

A

destroy gut flora, leading to its greater

reabsorption from enterohepatic circulation and higher levels in plasma.

47
Q

reversible ototoxicity.

Hypersensitivity GI disturbances Cholestatic Jaundice

A

Macrolides

48
Q

Lincosamides: Clindamycin binds to— > inhibit protein synthesis

A

50S

49
Q

binds to 50S at the same sites of erythromycin & clindamyci

A

Chloramphenicol

50
Q

Chloramphenicol inhibition of

A

mitochondrial protein synthesis in bacterial cells (inhibit transpeptidation, movement from P to A)

51
Q

Adverse effects:

Limited use due to serious side effects of antibiotic-associated colitis.

A

Lincosamides: Clindamycin

52
Q

Gray baby syndrome

A

Chloramphenicol

53
Q

interfere with 50S & 30S ribosomal subunit assembly

A

Oxazolidinones: Linezolid

54
Q

Oxazolidinones: Linezolid

Treats

A

skin and skin structure infections, nosocomial pneumonia (MRSA and non MRSA caused)

55
Q

In hibitors of DNA synthesis:

2

A

1) Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin

2) Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole

56
Q

Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole

Most effective against—— bacteria

A

anaerobic

57
Q

like Aminoglycosides. exhibit concentration- dependent bacterial killing and a prolonged post-antibiotic effect (PAE)

A

Fluoroquinolones

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