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pharmaceutics > Pharmaceutics quiz 2 > Flashcards

Pharmaceutics quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How non-oral dosage forms differ from oral dosage forms

A

tend to be liquids, solubilized in aqueous solvents

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2
Q

5 important considerations for pharmaceutical liquids

A 
Tonicity- 0.9% NaCl
sterility- steam, heat, UV etc
preservatives- parabens, benzyl compounds
particulate matter- contaminants
solution pH - buffers
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3
Q

tonicity

A

RBC have the same tone as blood, isotonic plasma, RBC and 0.9 NaCl is the same
same number of solute to body fluids

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4
Q

hypotonic solution

A

0.45% NaCl - give to patient that is hyperglycemia

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5
Q

hypertonic solution

A

3-5% NaCl- given to patients that have diarrhea or vomiting

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6
Q

how to calculate isotonicity

A
  1. cryoscopy
  2. NaCl equivalent
    a. find amount g in ml solution
    b. g amount in NaCl x E value
    how much NaCl in solution
    subtract steps 3 and 2
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7
Q

sterility

A

destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life and carried in healthcare facilities by physical or chemical methods - used to remove contaminants by purifying the system

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8
Q

steam

A

moist heat, most common
MOA: causes bacteria/spores/cellular proteins to coagulate and die
autoclave: 127 degrees and 15-30 mins
pressure used to get the temperature higher, temp is what kills the bacteria
NOT: thermolabile drugs, moisture sensitive drugs/oils/fats/powders
FOR: aqueous solutions, glassware/containers

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9
Q

dry heat

A 
simplest heat, longer than steam
180 for 45 mins
dehydrates and breaks down the cell membranes
NOT: heat sensative
FOR: glass/metal
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10
Q

ionizing radiation

A

method for materials that can’t withstand heat

surfaces only: low penetration capacity - ionizes and damages cell membrane structure

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11
Q

Gas

A 
only one: ethylene oxide
MOA: alkylates DNA and RNA of microorganisms
conditions: 450-1200 mg/L
temp: 37-63 degrees
time: 1-6 hours
cycle more than 14 hours
humidity: 40-60%
FOR: surgical instruments/gloves/plastic syringes
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12
Q

Filturation

A 
doesn't kill - remove microorganisms
filter size depends on how to remove the smallest visible particle
FOR: media can't be autoclaved
careful with filter
HEPA  > 0.3 microm
membrane filtration > 0.22 microm
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13
Q

preservatives

A 
protect from contaminants 
bacteriostatic: keep it from growing 
must label with specific concentration
not in container with more than 30 mL
multi-dose containers 
not used in neonates (benzyl alcohol toxicity), spinal injections like epidurals 
ex: benzyl alcohol, parabens
WFI: water for injection
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14
Q

particulate matter

A

non-oral DF: free from foreign particles
ex: glass, water, glass in one vial
clarity and sterility can occur in the same step

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15
Q

solution pH

A 
physiologic pH 7-7.4
depends on ROA
uses buffers to maintain pH
pH > 9 - kills cells (necrosis)
pH < 3 Burns!
bet range 6.8-7.4
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16
Q

parenteral

A

par- outside
enteral- intestine
IV, IM, SubQ
sterile, pyrogen-free

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17
Q

Pros of parenteral

A 
faster onset of action 
bioavailability high - not many enzymes to break down
depot: prodrug IM - once /3 months
1st pass metabolism avoided
continuous drug delivery - IV infusion
accuracy / predictibility
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18
Q

IV- where, why, when, how much

A

how: superficial vein
why: rapid onset of action (30-60 secs)
used: needle/ IV catheter tubing
when: quick action
how much: small or large
volumes for adult: 25-30 ml/kg/day

19
Q

IV pros/cons

A

pros: rapid onset of action, admin large amounts, useful for irritating or hypertonic solutions, provides high systemic bioavailability
cons: injection leaks from vein and harms healthy nearby tissues, speed of drug admin should be constant, reversal of drug action not possible, oily solutions preferred

20
Q

why is insulin given subq

A

insulin can’t be taken orally because the acidic environment of the stomach destroys the insulin - needs to be injected, needs to be released slowly in the blood stream so a fast drop won’t lead to hypoglycemia. patients can inject it themself

21
Q

small parenteral vs large parenterals

A

SVP- unit dose/multiple dose, total volume < 100 mL

LVP- >100ml, IV infusions, no preservatives ex: TPNs

22
Q

how and why haldoldeconate differs from haloperidol (onset and duration)

A

haldoperidol- immediate release IM, water soluble, aqueous vehicle, 10-20 min activity

haldol- haldoperidol with a long fatty acid chain (prodrug) 3-4 weeks 1-2mL, oil base makes it release slow, Depot injection, does not have to be refridgerated

23
Q

why intradermal route is good for immune testing. why do we admin tb intradermally

A

makes injection safer. do not need trained staff, local effects, antigen prosenting cells, many capillaries along with many immune cells in the dermis

24
Q

explain USP nomenclature for injectable dosage forms

A

“injection”: aqueous/oil - already mixed IV, IM, SC

“_____ for injection”: dry powder to reconstitute, not suitable in solvent. freeze dried. IM, SQ, IV

“___ for injectable suspension”: pre-made, no reconstitute, IM, SC, intra-articular NOT IV bc it has particles, can be a vaccine!

“emulsion”: drug-water insoluble, shake well before use, get up faster with a smaller amount of sedation. <1 microm, soy bean oil, comes into a onainer already has a vehicle, given IV

25
Q

understand how vehicles (aqueous/non-aqueous) are chosen for parenteral admin

A

Aqueous:

  • sterile water for injection USP: sterilized and packaged into a single dose of NMT 1 L volume
  • bacteriostatic WFI: packaged into vials with one or more antimicrobial agent <30 mL dose
  • NaCl injection: 0.9% isotonic, for sterile isotonic solutions with no preservatives
  • Bacteriostatic NaCl injection USP: 1 or more antimicrobial agent

Non-aqueous vehicles:

  • inert, non-irritating, non-toxic
  • miscible with body fluid
  • when- drug insoluble - depot effect
  • fixed oils - soybean, sesame, glycerin, polyethylene glycol
26
Q

understand precautions while storing and handling parenteral drugs

A

Do not freeze!

27
Q

describe why modified injectable systems are useful

A

in vitro/ in vivo stabilization
improved bioavailability
enhanced patient compliance
reduced dosing frequency

28
Q

understand how a liposome is made and the mechanism of drug release with doxil and amphotericin B

A

liposome is made of phospholipids - drug can be in a liposome or in the liposome wall - hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

29
Q

explain how polymeric microparticles are useful for parenteral delivery with respect to lupron depot and neulasta

A

made using polymers to extend DOA, up to 3 months, IV or subQ, biodegradable polymers- erosion of the matrix will release the drug

usually cant be given IV because of particles

30
Q

IM- pros/cons - size of needle

A

pros: useful for suspensions/irritating solutions, large muscle mass available, slow and uniform absorption
cons: skilled person needed for drug admin, careless admin may result in damage to nerves

1 1/2 inch needle, 90 degrees
10-20 min onset
can be immediate or depot release

31
Q

understand how lung structure and morphology will influence how a drug will be absorbed

A
  • lungs have a large surface area for absorption
  • administered by the nasal or respiratory route for systemic or local effect
  • SA for drug delivery - for drug delivery
  • adult human has alveoli
  • alveolar - less mucus
  • goblet cells keep epithelial from drying out
  • pulmonary cells reduce surface tension and prevent collapse of the air/gas interface

deep lung- 17023 respiratory bronchioles aveoli
upper lung 1-16 ends with terminal bronchiol

32
Q

explain how survanta (beractant) helps premature infants

A

bovine extracted from bovine lungs for premature infants, mimics surfactants to reduce thickness of mucus in deep lungs and prevent collapse of alveoli and reduce surface tension at air/gas interface , not for injection

33
Q

understand the benefit of conducting and respiratory zone in the lungs

A

conducting zone- 1-16, trachea and branching bronchioles, ends with terminal bronchiole, moves air into and out of lungs during each breath, warms air to 37 degrees

respiratory zone- branches 16-23, all structures that partake in gas exchange, begins with respiratory bronchioles, sub-divide into alveolar sacs and alveoli,

34
Q

MDI

A

Metered dose inhalers have a faster onset of action. locally acting and less side-effects.

35
Q

conventional liposomes

A

normal, made of neg and positive lipids

36
Q

PEGylated liposome

A

lipids covered in polyethylene glycol - hides the liposome from white blood cells so they can stay in blood longer

37
Q

ligand-targeted liposome

A

formed and various things are added onto it

just the something or PEG and something

38
Q

theranostic liposome

A

therapeutic + diagnostic

functionalized imaging agent added to the phospholipid head and then something is added for finding tumors in the body!

39
Q

subcutaneous - needle length, location, drug, pro cons, examples

A

1/2 - 1 inch needle 45 degree angle in the fatty layer of the dermis, drug travels through adipose tissue to the blood stream
absorption of the drug is slow and complete

pros: self admin and slow and complete absorption
cons: considered to be painful irritant drugs and cause tissue damage

adipose tissue more permeable than epithelial tissue

40
Q

AMBisome

A

amphotericin B for injection - lower toxicity profile - IV infusion over 2 hours - lipophilic in bilayer- phospholipids make liposomes - cholesterol - not given in bolus dose!! for anti-fungal use

41
Q

Doxil

A

Doxorubicin HCl - hydrophilic, lives inside the liposome, PEG makes it circulate for longer periods of time, longer half-life, given as an IV infusion, tumor tissues have more spaces in the cells so it is made concentrated in tumor areas, given as infusion not as bolus dose because can get into extraneous fluids at a higher surface area and can cause a site reaction - damage to surrounding tissues!

42
Q

neulasta

A

neupogen (11 days)- no PEG - 1 cycle with PEG, replenishes neutrophils (WBC) when have cancer size 200 nm - replaces chemo patients RBC, polymeric micro-particle

43
Q

lupron

A

depot, suspension, long-acting, pre-filled syringe availability, drug and powder and chamber that separates it so you can mix the two together-

pharmaceutics (8 decks)

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