Pharmacokinetics

Question 1

Direct penetration of membrane

Answer 1

most common, large, lack a transport system, must be lipid soluble

Question 2

Channels and Pore

Answer 2

very few use, small compounds (potassium and sodium), select channels

Question 3

Transport systems

Answer 3

move drugs through the cell membrane, require energy, selective for a particular drug, p-glycoprotein

Question 4

Molecules that can’t penetrate cellular membranes

Answer 4

polarized molecules: no net - unevenly distributed, ions: positive and negative, cell membrane not polar

Question 5

Acids tend to ionize (give up a proton)

Answer 5

in an alkaline environment (less transportable)

Question 6

Bases tend to ionize (accept a proton)

Answer 6

in an acid environment (less transportable_

Question 7

Acidic drugs accumulate

Answer 7

on the alkaline side

Question 8

Basic drugs will accumulate

Answer 8

on the acidic side

Question 9

Absorption

Answer 9

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

Question 10

Factors affecting absorption

Answer 10

rate of absorption, surface area, blood flow, lipid solubility, pH

Question 11

External routes of administrations

Answer 11

via the GI tract

Question 12

Parenteral routes of administration

Answer 12

Outside the GI tract (by injection)
IV, SQ, IM

Question 13

Oral administration

Answer 13

tablets, time-released, sustained-release

Question 14

Oral advantages

Answer 14

safe, convenient, inexpensive

Question 15

Oral disadvantages

Answer 15

variable absorption, stomach acid, liver, Pt adherence, GI irritation

Question 16

Parental administration advantages

Answer 16

more rapid onset (IV), control of plasma level, patient’s cant and wont take orals

Question 17

Parental administration disadvantages

Answer 17

high cost, inconvenient, irreversibility, fluid overload, infection, embolism

Question 18

Distribution

Answer 18

movement of drugs throughout the body, blood transport drugs to tissues and organs, leave at capillary beds

Question 19

Protein binding

Answer 19

drugs can form reversible bonds with proteins, plasma albumin, hypoalbuminemia, hyperalbuminemia

Question 20

Albumin does what

Answer 20

stays in the bloodstream because its a large molecule

Question 21

Restricts drug distribution if

Answer 21

drug is bound

Question 22

Biotransformation

Answer 22

chemical alteration of drug structure

Question 23

Most metabolism takes place in the

Answer 23

liver

Question 24

Therapeutic consequences of metabolism

Answer 24

accelerates renal excretion, drug inactivation, increase therapeutic action, activation of prodrugs, toxicity

Question 25

Special considerations

Answer 25

age, induction/inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzyme, first-pass effect, nutritional status

Question 26

Excretion

Answer 26

removal of drugs from body - kidneys

Question 27

Glomerular filtration

Answer 27

moves drugs from blood to tubular urine; protein-bound drugs remain in blood

Question 28

Passive tubular reabsorption

Answer 28

lipid-soluble drugs undergo; ions and polar compounds stay in urine

Question 29

Active tubular secretion

Answer 29

active pumps for organic acids and based from blood to urine

Question 30

Breast milk drug excretion

Answer 30

lipid soluble readily; polar, ionized, or protein-bound don't cross

Question 31

Bile drug excretion

Answer 31

secreted into small intestines and excreted via feces

Question 32

Lungs drug excretion

Answer 32

volatile anesthetic

Question 33

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

Answer 33

the plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur

Question 34

Toxic concentration

Answer 34

plasma levels where toxic effects begin

Question 35

Therapeutic range

Answer 35

range between MEC and toxic concentration

Question 36

Drug half life

Answer 36

time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%