PHARMACOKINETICS AND DRUG ADM TERMS PART A

Question 1

tablets, capsules, liquids

Answer 1

oral solids and oral liquids

Question 2

safety coated

Answer 2

enteric coated

Question 3

administered under the tongue for systemic effect

nitroglycerin

Answer 3

sublingual

Question 4

drug placed between gum and cheeks

nicotine gum

Answer 4

buccal

Question 5

most tablets/capsules
releases drug as quickly as possible after administration
onset of action in minutes to hours

Answer 5

immediate release (IR)

Question 6

delayed release
controlled release
extended release
sustained release

Answer 6

modified release formulation

Question 7

drug released over a sustained period
not at a constant rate
variable plasma concentration

Answer 7

sustained release

Question 8

maintains drug release over a sustained period at a nearly constant rate
consistent plasma concentration

Answer 8

controlled release

Question 9

drug is released only at some point after the administration

enteric coated tablets, colorectal drugs

Answer 9

modified release formulations

Question 10

slow uniform absorption of drug over 8h or longer; longer therapeutic effect

dose dumping

Answer 10

extended release

Question 11

pros
useful for local/systemic drug effects in patients unable to tolerate oral administration

cons
unpredictable absorption, patient compliance, irritation

Answer 11

rectal route

Question 12

pros
useful for local delivery and
reduces drug exposure and systemic side effects
small doses and large area of absorption

cons
irritating, dose limitations, time-consuming

Answer 12

inhalation

Question 13

homogenous mixture
most common
for water soluble drugs
IV,IM, SQ

Answer 13

solutions

Question 14

heterogenous mixture
increases stability for insoluble drugs or chemicals
provides slower release from injection
SQ or IM

Answer 14

parenteral formulations

Question 15

for water insoluble drugs
oil in water or water in oil
reduces irritative chemicals
increases stability

Answer 15

emulsions

Question 16

used to store unstable drugs

lyophilized into powder

Answer 16

dry powders

Question 17

injection into the layer of skin just below the dermis and epidermis

Answer 17

subcutaneous admin

Question 18

typical sites are delta, ventrogluteal, vastus laterals, dorsogluteal

Answer 18

intramuscular admin

Question 19

methyprednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone

Answer 19

corticosteroids

Question 20

lidocaine, bupivacaine

Answer 20

intra-articular

Question 21

skin testing, allergy design, TB testing

very small amounts 0.1 mL

Answer 21

intradermal

Question 22

bypasses the blood brain barrier and blood CSF

used for spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid, brain tumors, CNS infections)

Answer 22

intrathecal

Question 23

epidural space around spinal cord

Answer 23

epidural

Question 24

injection into base of penis

Answer 24

intracavernous

Question 25

applied to skin or mucous membranes local effect absorption is slow and unpredictable

Answer 25

creams, ointments, gels, lotions

Question 26

``` systemic absorption controlled release mechanisms used in place of oral avoids first pass metabolism available as multi-day therapy small molecules affected by pressure and temp irritating ```

Answer 26

transdermal patches

Question 27

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the central compartment

Answer 27

absorption

Question 28

the fraction of unchanged drug reaching systemic circulation following administration by any route - iv administration - other routes may be <100%

Answer 28

bioavailability

Question 29

main route of transmembrane movement for most drugs drug molecule penetrate by diffusion along a concentration gradient lipid-soluble drugs diffuse most rapidly across the membrane

Answer 29

passive diffusion

Question 30

ion trapping: acidic drug will accumulate on the more basic side of the membrane and a basic drug on the more acidic side

Answer 30

influence of pH on ionizable drugs

Question 31

requires energy to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient -Na/K ATPase

Answer 31

active transport

Question 32

transport of solutes in between cells tight junctions limit this type of movement

Answer 32

paracellular transport

Question 33

rate of diffusion away from the site of administration is directly proportional to the concentration

Answer 33

concentration

Question 34

dissolution of the tablet, interactions among the various ingredients

Answer 34

physical state of formulation and dissolution rate

Question 35

increases drug degradation since PCN is sensitive to stomach acid

Answer 35

penicillin

Question 36

more time in the stomach may cause gastric irritation

Answer 36

aspirin

Question 37

absorption is the most rapid from highly vascular tissues intramuscular injection: deltoid vs gluteus maximus muscle vs fat

Answer 37

vascularity and blood flow

Question 38

to cross the plasma membrane

Answer 38

lipid solubility

Question 39

- well perfused organs receive the most drug initially | - delivery to muscle, most viscera, skin and fat is slower

Answer 39

organ perfusion/blood flow

Question 40

determines the concentration gradient between blood and the organ skeletal muscle has a larger capacity than the brain

Answer 40

size of the organ

Question 41

organs with high lipid content will dissolve a high concentration of lipid soluble agents rapidly

Answer 41

solubility

Question 42

binding of a drug to macromolecules in the blood or a tissue compartment increase the drug concentration in that compartment

Answer 42

binding

Question 43

relates the amount of drug in the body to the concentration of drug in blood

Answer 43

volume of distribution

Question 44

movement of drugs between the central compartment and the peripheral compartment

Answer 44

two-compartment model

Question 45

plasma concentration is highest immediately after the IV bolus but then rapidly decreases the drug distributes into the peripheral compartment

Answer 45

distribution phase

Question 46

after a distribution reaches equilibrium, plasma concentration decreases at a constant rate

Answer 46

elimination phase

Question 47

thiopental?

Answer 47

a general anesthetic

Question 48

what are the types of plasma proteins?

Answer 48

albumin | alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

Question 49

this plasma protein binds acidic drugs

Answer 49

albumin

Question 50

this plasma protein binds basic drugs

Answer 50

alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

Question 51

only free drug that exerts a biologic effect

Answer 51

protein binding and drug action

Question 52

fraction of bound drug determined by?

Answer 52

drug concentration affinity of binding sites number of binding sites

Question 53

condition and diseases that affect protein binding?

Answer 53

hypoalbuminemia | acute phase reactions responses increase alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

Question 54

many drugs accumulate in tissues and generally reversible

Answer 54

tissue binding

Question 55

drugs that accumulate - tetracycline - heavy metals

Answer 55

bone

Question 56

stores lipid soluble drugs low blood flow to fat makes it a stable reservoir for drug patient variability

Answer 56

fat

Question 57

product of metabolism which has pharmacologic effect may have weaker or stronger effects than the parent compound example -morphine to morphine-6-glucuronide and normophine; both active

Answer 57

active metabolites

Question 58

product of metabolism without pharmacologic effect

Answer 58

inactive metabolites

Question 59

metabolite with harmful properties like morphine to morphine-3-glucuronide

Answer 59

toxic metabolites

Question 60

metabolism of a this produces the active metabolite | i.e.- heroin

Answer 60

prodrug

Question 61

metabolism of the drug prepares it for elimination

Answer 61

elimination

Question 62

the volume of plasma that is filtered of drug per unit time

Answer 62

clearance