Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism and Excretion Flashcards
(21 cards)
Where does drug metabolism happen at tissue level?
- Liver for foreign bodies and particles
- Kidneys acting as a filter
- Lungs for the volatile anaesthetics
Where does drug metabolism happen at intracellular level?
- Mitochondria- cell organelle involved in producing ATP
2. Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
What properties can change when the parent compound metabolises into the metabolite?
- Increase in water solubility
- Decrease in biological activity
- Increase in biological activity- need to consider the concentration
- Change in the nature of the biological activity
What is the phase 1 reaction of metabolism?
- Preparing the molecule that expose function groups
2. Different conjugative entities that are added to the drug
What is the 3 main chemical reactions that the drug structure must go under to prepare it for the conjugative step itself?
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Hydrolysis
What are cytochrome P450, where are they located and what is its role?
- 20 Isoenzymes that are located in the smooth ER
2. which are very diverse to metabolise different compounds (any foreign bodies)
Explain the how a molecule interacts with cytochrome P450?
- Molecule interacts with cytochrome P450 to get oxidised
2. 1 to 4 family groups of cytochrome P450 are involved in drug metabolism
How does the phase 2 reaction of metabolism work?
- Involves the formation of a covalent bond
- Results in a H2O soluble conjugate (excretion)
- Products are predominantly INACTIVE (to remain excreted), but in some cases the activity remains
How does codeine work when metabolised?
- Codeine is metabolised to morphine and then to Morphine-6-glucuronide
- Leads to increase of analgesic effect through opioid receptor agonist profile
What is 1st pass metabolism? And give examples of where it happens?
- When the metabolism begins before the drug reaches general circulation
2. Examples of where it happens: Liver Lung Intestinal lumen Intestinal wall
What are the two factor that affect metabolism and give two examples of them?
- Genetic influences
- Example: different races turn a different percentage of codeine into morphine
- Some are poor, intermediate, ultra rapid, and extensive - External factors
Example: grape fruit inhibits the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 and this reduces the first pass effect of drugs
- Drugs are metabolised by enzymes in the guy wall
- Increases concentration in the plasma
- Doesn’t affect IV drugs
What are the various routes of excretions in fluids, solids and gases?
Fluids: Important for low MW compounds
- urine
- bile
- sweat
- tears
- breast milk
Solids: Important for high MW compounds
- Faeces
- Hair
Gases (expired air): important for volatile compounds
Where are compounds excreted in the renal system?
- Glomerular
- Reabsorption
- Tubular Excretion- distal tubular end
What is glomerular filtration?
- Blood flow through the glomerulus filtering the compound through the blood stream itself
- Allow passage if 20kDa molecules or below
- Occurs under hydrostatic pressure
- Contains about 20% of the plasma volume delivered
How does tubular secretion work?
- Renal tubule has secretory transporters on both basolateral and apical membranes
- They can transport acidic (organic anion transporters) or basic compounds (organic cation transporters)
- Lead to a rate of rapid decrease in plasma concentration of unbound drug which causes a rapid dissociation of any drugs bound to proteins in the plasma
How does reabsorption work and how do drugs affect this?
- Body wants to retain some constituents of the glomerular filtrate
- Uptake processes exist for carbohydrates and amino acids
- Tubule can pass back into the plasma
- Drugs can hijack the system as substrates for the uptake processes
Where is the enterohepatic cycling located and what is it?
- Engineered within the liver and bile ducts with glucuronic acid
- Where by the drug conjugates and it’s too polar (ionised)
- Remains in the gut and is broken down by enzymes releasing the parent molecule
- parent molecule is reabsorbed and then used again
How does enterohepatic cycling help certain drugs? Give example of the drugs?
Goes through the cycle which helps the drug maintain a high plasma concentration by not allowing it to break down
Examples:
- Ethinylestradiol (oral contraceptives)
- Morphine
What are the factors that may influence the rate of excretion
- Blood flow- faster means that more drug can be cleared per unit time
- Kinetics- enzymatic reaction that metabolise the drug- first or zero order reaction for it to be saturated
- Rate limiting steps may prevent more of that drug to be metabolised
When does excretion start occurring?
As soon as it goes into the blood plasma
What is elimination kinetics? And explain first order and zero order in terms of this?
Overcoming the rate of absorption:
First order: can be used to show the half life at 50% of a drug being eliminated in the body
Zero order: just dictated by the amount of drug in the blood plasma and whether it’s saturated or not- set limit
