Pharmacological Profiles Flashcards by Leticia Luna

What 5 classes fall under Psychotherapeutics?

Sedatives & Hypnotics
Antianxiety Drugs
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
CNS Stimulants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is using sedatives and hypnotics to treat insomnia not recommended?

Because long term use can lead to risk of dependence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes Dose-dependent suppression of the CNS, including sleep, sedation, and unconsciousness.

Sedatives and Hypnotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What depresses the sensory cortex, decrease motor activity, alter cerebellar function, and produce drowsiness, sedation, and hypnosis?

Barbiturates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an example of a barbiturate?

Phenobarbital

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Barbiturates can produce dose-dependent ___________

respiratory depression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sedatives & Hypnotics can be used for:

Sedation
Seizures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What patients should not take sedatives and hypnotics?

history of addiction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Antianxiety drugs can be further subdivided into:

Benzodiazepines (benzos)
Non- Benzodiazepines (non-benzos)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Benzodiazepine Action:

Bind to specific receptors in the GABA complex, which enhances inhibitory neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Non-Benzo:

Act on brain’s dopamine and serotonin receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Benzos end in:

Non-benzos end in:

pam, -lam
one, -ine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Benzodiazepines cause:

CNS depression
may produce tolerance with long-term use and may cause dependence
have NO analgesic properties

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Benzodiazepines can be used to treat what 3 things?

Sedative/hypnotic
anti-anxiety
anti-seizure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adverse effects of long term use of benzodiazepines:

Withdrawal syndrome after 4-6 weeks of therapy

Never discontinue abruptly decrease over 4-6 weeks.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symptoms of withdrawal:

Fatigue
metallic taste
HA
numbness in extremities
sweating
dry mouth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which antianxiety drug has less abuse potential?

Bu Spar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contraindication for benzos

comatose patients
CNS depression
uncontrolled severe pain
glaucoma
pregnancy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which has a higher risk of dependency when used long term,

Benzos or non-benzos?

Benzos

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which is recommended for short term use only,

Benzos or non-benzos?

Benzos

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do benzos and non-benzos treat?

Anxiety

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is for short term use to treat anxiety?

benzodiazepines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is used to treat long term anxiety?

SSRI
SNRI

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which is a lower risk of dependency when used long term,

Benzos or non-benzos?

Non-benzos

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some examples of Non-benzos?

1. Bu Spar 2. Hydroxyzine 3. Sertraline

What are the 6 classes of Antidepressants?

1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) 2. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI) 3. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) 4. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) 5. Serotonin Reuptake inhibitor/Antagonist (SRI/A) 6. Dopamine/Norepinephrine-Reuptake Inhibitor (D/NRI)

What are some examples of Benzos?

1. Diazepam 2. Lorazepam 3. Alprazolam

What increases levels of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting their reuptake and blocking the action of acetylcholine.

TCAs

What inhibits the activity of Monoamine oxidase resulting in increased neuro-hormones?

MAOI

What increases serotonin by inhibiting neuronal uptake to CNS?

SSRI

What are antidepressants used to treat?

* Depression * Anxiety * OCD * Smoking cessation

What are antidepressants used to treat?

* Depression * Anxiety * OCD * Smoking cessation

What should not be taken within 14 days of MAOIs?

TCAs

Fluoxetine is less effective in patients who…?

smoke

Wellbutrin is contraindicated for patients with what?

seizure disorder

Antidepressants end in:

- ine - one

Pt's should not use what herbal remedy with antidepressants?

St. John's Wort

How long must patients take Antidepressants before reaching the therapeutic dose?

4-6 weeks

What are first line medications for depression?

SSRIs

What is an example of a TCA antidepressant?

Amitriptyline

What is an example of an MAOI antidepressant?

Nardil

What is an example of a SRI/A antidepressant?

Trazadone

What is an example of a D/NRI antidepressant?

Bupropion

What are some examples of SSRI?

* Fluoxetine * Sertraline * Paroxetine * Citalopram

What blocks dopamine receptors, and alter dopamine release and turnover?

Antipsychotics

What do antipsychotics do?

block dopamine receptors, alter dopamine release and turnover

Antipsychotics are classified into what 2 categories?

1. typical (1st generation) 2. atypical (2nd generation)

Phenothiazine are classified as what type of antipsychotic?

typical (1st gen)

Which antipsychotics are newer and have fewer adverse reactions, typical or atypical?

atypical

Antipsychotics are used to treat what?

acute or chronic psychoses, accompanied by increased psychomotor activity

What are examples of 1st gen psychotics?

Haloperidol, Prochlorperazine

What are examples of 2nd gen psychotics?

Quetiapine, Olanzapine

What are some contraindications for taking antipsychotics?

1. Severely depressed 2. Hypotension

What are the 2 types of CNS stimulants?

1. Amphetamines 2. Anorexiants

CNS stimulants work by:

Increasing levels of neurotransmitters in the CNS

What are CNS stimulants used to treat?

1. Narcolepsy 2. ADHD

When are CNS stimulants contraindicated?

* Risk of dependence * Hypertension * Glaucoma

CNS stimulants should be taken when?

In the am 30-45min before breakfast and lunch

What are examples of Amphetamines?

1. Methylphenidate 2. Dextroamphetamine

What is an example of an Anorexiants?

Phentermine

What reduces excitability of neurons in the brain?

Anticonvulsants

What are the 5 types of seizures?

1. Psychomotor: aura, alterations, hallucinations 2. Tonic-clonic: contraction/relaxation of the muscles 3. Myoclonic: forceful musculature contraction 4. Absence: brief loss of consciousness 5. Epilepsy: permanent, recurrent seizures

What do anticonvulsants do?

decrease the incidence and severity of seizures

What are some contraindications for CNS Stimulants?

* CNS depression * pregnancy * psychoses

What is used to treat seizures?

Benzodiazepines

Anticonvulsant meds end in:

-pam, -lam

What are some examples of Anticonvulsant meds?

* Diazepam * Lorazepam * Midazolam * Clonazepam * Phenytoin * Ethosuximide * Valporic acid

What class of drug is this? Phenothiazines act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to inhibit nausea and vomiting.

Anti-emetics

Dimenhydrinate, Scopolamine, and Meclizine act as antiemetic mainly by diminishing what?

motion sickness

What antiemetic decreases nausea and vomiting by its effects on gastric emptying?

Metoclopramide

What antiemetic blocks the effects of serotonin at 5-HT3 receptor sites?

Ondansetron

What med works primarily by inhibiting the chemoreceptor trigger zone or by depressing the sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear?

Antivertigo

What is used for the prophylaxis or treatment of nausea or vomiting?

Antiemetic

What is used for the treatment of vertigo?

Antivertigo

adverse effects of antiemetics?

drowsiness

Contraindications for antiemetics:

1. severe CNS depression 2. PREGNANCY 3. Do not use with ALCOHOL

Examples of Antiemetics: -zine

1) Phenothiazine 2) Prochlorperazine 3) Chlorpromazine 4) Metoclopramide 5) Ondansetron 6) Promethazine

Examples of Antivertigo meds:

1. Meclizine 2. Diphenhydramine 3. Benzodiazepines

What removes the feeling or sensation (chemical changes to the nerve impulse)?

Anesthetic

What alleviates or relieves the pain from a patient?

Analgesic

What works by inhibiting transport of ions across neuronal membranes, thereby preventing initiation and conduction of normal nerve impulses.

Local anesthetics

What works by causing neuro-inhibition and anesthesia, where the patient is dissociated from the surrounding.

Ketamine

What typically increases blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) by increasing sympathetic tone.

ketamine

What excites opioid receptors within the insular cortex, putamen, and thalamus, thereby producing analgesia?

Ketamine

How long does Ketamine IM take effect?

3-4 min

What are utilized to produce a loss of sensation prior to minor painful procedures?

Local anesthetics

Ketamine can have detrimental effects in patients with?

ischemic heart disease

Ketamine is contraindicated in patients with…

* schizophrenia * conditions in which increase in blood pressure would be hazardous. * airway instability

How much Ketamine is given IM for pain control?

20-40mg

How much Ketamine is given IV for analgesia?

10-20mg

How much Ketamine is given IV for anesthesia?

1-2mg/kg

What are examples of Anesthetics?

1. Lidocaine (Local) 2. Bupivacaine (Local) 3. Ketamine (General) 4. Propofol (General) 5. Etomidate (General)

What are the 4 classes of Analgesics?

1. Salicylate 2. Non-salicylate 3. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) 4. Urinary Analgesics

What drug works by inhibition of prostaglandins, dilates peripheral blood vessels (cools body), prolong bleeding by inhibiting aggregation of platelets?

Salicylates

What are Salicylates used for?

1. Pain relief 2. Anti-pyretic 3. Anti-inflammatory 4. Decrease risk of myocardial infarction 5. Prevent blood clots

What are adverse effects for salicylates?

1. Gastric upset/ bleeding 2. May cause Reye Syndrome in children with chickenpox or influenza.

What med may cause Reye Syndrome in children with chickenpox or influenza?

Aspirin

What med is classified as both a salicylate AND an NSAID?

Aspirin

What are Non-salicylates actions on the body?

1. Analgesic 2. Antipyretic

What are non-salicylates used for?

1. Pain relief 2. Fever reducers

Non-salicylates are contraindicated in patients with what?

Hepatotoxicity

What is the maximum daily dose of Acetaminophen for adults?

What are examples of Non-salicylates?

1. Acetaminophen 2. Benzocaine-Menthol

What analgesic inhibits the action of COX-1 & COX-2 which is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis?

NSAIDS

What actions do NSAID have on the body?

1. Anti-inflammatory 2. Analgesic 3. Antipyretic

What are NSAIDS used to treat?

1. Arthritis 2. Pain relief 3. Dysmenorrhea 4. Fever reducer

What NSAID is contraindicated if pt has an allergy to sulfonamides?

Celecoxib

ALL NSAIDs have risk of causing increased risk of what?

1. bleeding 2. heart attack 3. stroke

What NSAIDS are preferred for long term use to reduce the risk of GI bleed?

COX-2 Selective NSAIDS

What are 7 examples of NSAIDS?

1. Ibuprofen 2. Indomethacin 3. Ketorolac 4. Naproxen 5. Celecoxib 6. Meloxicam 7. Aspirin

What medication is BOTH a Salicylate and an NSAID?

Aspirin

What is used to treat pain associated with a urinary tract infection?

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

What class of drugs: bind to opiate receptors in the CNS, where they act as agonists of endorphins. The result is alteration to the perception of and response to pain.

Narcotic Analgesics

What is a contraindication to narcotic analgesics?

1. Head injury or increased ICP 2. Hypoxia 3. Hepatic impairment 4. Hypersensitive to opioids or naloxone

What are examples of opioid agonists?

1. Buprenorphine 2. Codeine 3. Fentanyl 4. Hydromorphone 5. Methadone 6. Morphine 7. Oxycodone 8. Hydrocodone

What is an antagonist that acts on opioid receptors?

opioid antagonist

What is a commonly used opioid antagonist drug which is a competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors, effectively blocks the receptor, preventing the body from responding to opiates and endorphins.

Naloxone

What is used to treat overdose of a Narcotic?

Naloxone

Contraindications for using a narcotic antagonist

* patients with CAD * pregnant women * opioid dependent patients.

What is an example of an opioid antagonist?

Naloxone (Narcan)

What is a chemical created in the body that produces vasodilation of arterioles and increased permeability of capillaries and venule, which allows fluid to escape into the surrounding tissue resulting in localized swelling.

Histamine

Antihistamines are divided into what 2 types?

H1 (1st gen) H2 (2nd gen)

Which antihistamine receptors work by binding to mast cells, smooth muscle, and endothelium in the body and brain to prevent the release of histamine.

H¹ - antihistamines

Which antihistamine have increase side effects such as drowsiness since they cross the blood brain barrier?

H1 (1st gen)

Which antihistamines has fewer CNS side effects?

H2 (2nd gen)

H¹- antihistamines are used to treat

1. allergic reaction 2. insomnia 3. motion sickness 4. vertigo

What histamine receptors bind to upper gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the stomach and used to treat gastric acid conditions. May also help with the relief of Parkinson-like reactions.

H² - antihistamines

Patients taking _________ should be counseled to not operate weapons, heavy machinery or motor vehicles while taking these medications.

1st generation antihistamines

What are examples of 1st Generation Antihistamines? (-zine)

1. Diphenhydramine 2. Hydroxyzine 3. Promethazine

What are examples of 2nd Generation Antihistamines?

1) Cetirizine HCL 2) Fexofenadine 3) Loratadine

What class of drug: acts by enhancing norepinephrine and epinephrine or adrenergic activity by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors. This induces vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the nose, throat, and paranasal sinuses, which results in reduced inflammation and mucus formation in these areas.

Decongestants

What are the 2 active ingredients in most ingested decongestants?

1. Pseudoephedrine 2. Phenylephrine

What drug is used for common cold, hay fever or upper respiratory allergies, sinus congestion, and pressure.

Decongestants

What are examples of Decongestants?

1. Pseudoephedrine 2. Oxymetazoline HCL 3. Phenylephrine

What drug's action: Releases stimulants and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamine’s. Receptors are in bronchial smooth muscle and when stimulated cause relaxation (dilation) of bronchioles?

Beta² Agonists

What class of drug is used for Reversible Airway Obstruction caused by bronchospasm due to bronchial asthma, exercise-induced bronchospasm, bronchitis, emphysema, and other Obstructive pulmonary disease.

Beta² Agonists

Adverse Effects of Beta² Agonists:

Tachycardia Hyperglycemia

Contraindications for Beta blockers:

* Cardiac arrhythmias * glaucoma. * Taking a Beta blocker * May increase blood glucose

What are some examples of Beta² Agonists? -buterol

1. Albuterol sulfate 2. Levalbuterol HCL

What class of drug: Antagonizes acetylcholine receptors, producing bronchodilation.

Muscarinic Antagonists

What are Muscarinic Antagonists used for?

* Asthma * COPD

Examples of muscarinic antagoinst/anticholinergics: -tropium

1) Ipratropium: Atrovent 2) Tiotropium: Spiriva

What is a broncho constrictive substance _released by the body_ during inflammation. Antagonist results in bronchodilation.

Leukotriene

What inhibits the release of substances that cause bronchoconstriction and inflammation from the mast cells in the respiratory tract.

Mast Cell Stabilizer

Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers are used to treat?

* Asthma * COPD

Contraindications for Leukotriene Antagonist/Mast Cell Stabilizers

* not for asthma attacks * Patients with aspirin sensitivity

What is an example of Leukotriene Antagonist?

Montelukast

What is an example of a Mast Cell Stabilizer?

Cromolyn

What class of drug: Decreases inflammatory process in the airway through inhibiting multiple different inflammatory cytokines.

Inhaled Corticosteroids

Inhaled Corticosteroids treat what?

Asthma chronic allergic/inflammatory conditions

What is an adverse effect of using Inhaled Corticosteroids? To avoid this tell the patient to…

Candida albicans (yeast infection) rinse their mouth out with water after using an inhaler

What are examples of Inhaled Corticosteroids?:

1. Budesonide 2. Fluticasone

What is used to relieve a non-productive cough?

Antitussives

What are some adverse effects of Codeine?

Respiratory depression, euphoria, and sedation.

What are some examples of antitussives?

1. Codeine 2. Benzonatate 3. Dextromethorphan 4. Diphenhydramine

What is a Mucolytic's action on the body?

Loosens and mobilize thick mucus from respiratory system.

What is an Expectorant's action on the body?

Expell mucus from respiratory system

Mucolytic are used to treat?

Bronchopulmonary diseases

Expectorants are used to treat?

Common cold

What is an example of a Mucolytic?

Acetylcysteine

What is an example of an Expectorant?

Guaifenesin

What do antiarrhythmics do?

Regulate irregular rhythm of the heart

Which antiarrhythmic blocks potassium channels?

Amiodarone

Which antiarrhythmic raises the potential threshold?

Lidocaine

Which antiarrhythmic blocks beta receptor stimuli?

Beta blockers

Which antiarrhythmic blocks calcium channels?

Calcium Channel Blockers

What are the 4 types of antiarrhythmics?

Class 1: Lidocaine Class 2: Beta Blockers Class 3: Amiodarone Class 4: Calcium Channel Blockers

Cardiac arrhythmias treat arrhythmias such as:

1) Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) 2) Tachycardia 3) Premature atrial contractions (PAC) 4) Ventricular dysrhythmias 5) Atrial fibrillation and Atrial flutter (A-Fib)

What are examples of antiarrhythmics?

Lidocaine: **Xylocaine** Amiodarone: **Cordarone** Beta blockers: **Metoprolol** Calcium Channel Blockers: **Verapamil and Diltiazem**

What drug class: Has a direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle of blood vessels (both arterials and veins).

Nitrates

What drug class is used in the treatment of angina pectoris?

Nitrates

Do not give pt Nitrates if systolic BP is

\<100

What drug class is contraindicated for: use with any phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as Viagra, Cialis, Levitra, or herbal supplements such as Yohimbine.

Nitrates

What is a decrease in oxygen supply to the heart muscle resulting in chest pain or pressure?

Angina

What is an example of a Nitrate?

Nitroglycerin

What is considered an abnormal BP?

Systolic: \<140 Diastolic: \<90

What is the regimen of care for Hypertension?

Step 1: Life style changes Step: Give BP meds Step 3: Increase does or combine 2 drugs Step 4: Combine 2-3 drugs

What are the 4 classes of antihypertension medications:

1. ACE inhibitors, ARBs 2. Diuretics 3. Calcium channel blockers 4. Beta blocker

What drug class: Lowers blood pressure by dilating or increasing the size of the arterial blood vessels.

ACE Inhibitors

What drug class converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

ACE Inhibitors

Angiotensin II is a…

vasoconstrictor

What drug class: is used in the treatment of Hypertension and diabetic nephropathy (diabetic kidney disease)?

ACE I

Consider using ARB instead of an ACE-I in African American patients due to the increased risk of

angioedema

An Adverse effect of ACE Inhibitors is

A dry, hacking cough

Contraindications for ACE Inhibitors:

* Renal/hepatic disease * Electrolyte imbalance

What are examples of ACE-Inhibitors – pril

1. Lisinopril 2. Captopril 3. Enalapril 4. Ramipril

What are examples of ARB inhibitors? -statin

1. Losartan 2. Telmisartan

What drug class: acts by causing peripheral vasodilation (it inhibits calcium from getting into the muscle cells to cause contraction).

Calcium Channel Blockers

What are Calcium Channel Blockers used to treat?

1. HTN 2. cardiac arrhythmias

What are the 2 categories of CCB?

1. Dihydropyridines 2. Non-dihydropyridines

Which CCB are **potent** vasodilators that have **little or no** **negative effect** upon cardiac contractility or conduction. Primarily used for treatment of HTN.

Dihydropyridines

Which CCB are **less potent** vasodilators but have a **greater** **depressive effect** on cardiac conduction and contractility. Used for treatment of chronic stable angina, cardiac arrhythmias, and for proteinuria reduction.

Non-dihydropyridines

What are examples of **Dihydropyridines** CCB: -dipine

1) Nifedipine 2) Felodipine 3) Nicardipine 4) Amlodipine

What are examples of **Non-Dihydropyridines** CCB:

1) Verapamil 2) Diltiazem

What drug class: competes with adrenergic neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptor sites.

Beta blockers

What are Beta blockers used to treat?

1. hypertension 2. angina pectoris 3. tachyarrhythmia 4. migraines 5. MI (prevention), 6. glaucoma 7. CHF 8. hyperthyroidism

What are contraindications of Beta blockers?

1. Sinus bradycardia 2. Heart Block 3. Hypotension 4. Bronchial asthma

What are some examples of Beta blockers? (-olol)

1. Metoprolol 2. Propanolol 3. Atenolol

What type of diuretic increases excretion of sodium and chloride by inhibiting the reabsorption of these ions in the distal proximal tubules and the loop of Henle.

Loop Diuretics

What type of diuretic inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidney

Thiazide

When are diuretics contraindicated?

* glaucoma * cirrhosis of the liver * renal disease * hypertension

When should you instruct patient to take diuretics?

early in the day to prevent nocturnal diuresis

Patients with an allergy to _______ should not take diuretics

sulfa

What is an example of a Loop diuretic?

Furosemide

What is an example of a Thiazide diuretic?

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

What inhibits an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis?

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

What are the most commonly prescribed antihyperlipidemics?

Statins

What class of drug: Causes reduction of blood lipids in an effort to reduce cardiovascular disease.

Hyperlipidemia

What is an example of HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors? -Statins

1) Atorvastatin 2) Simvastatin

What drug class: neutralizes or reduces the acidity of the stomach

Antacids

What are Antacids used for?

1. Heartburn 2. Gastroesophageal reflux. 3. Sour stomach 4. Acid indigestion 5. Peptic ulcer

What are contraindication for taking antacids?

Severe abdominal pain of unknown cause

What are examples of Antacids? | (metals)

1. Aluminum hydroxide gel 2. Magnesium hydroxide 3. Calcium carbonate 4. Calcium carbonate/magnesium hydroxide 5. Sodium citrate/citric acid

What drug class: Inhibits the actions of histamine at histamine H² receptor cells of the stomach which then reduces the secretion of gastric acid.

Histamine H² Antagonist

What are the uses of Histamine H² Antagonist?

1. Ulcers 2. Gastric hyper secretory conditions 3. Gastroesophageal reflux 4. Gastrointestinal bleeding

What are examples of Histamine H² Antagonist? -tidine

1. Cimetidine 2. Famotidine 3. Ranitidine

What drug class: Suppresses gastric acid secretion by blocking the final step in the production of gastric acid be the gastric mucosa

Proton Pump Inhibitors

What are the uses of Proton Pump Inhibitors?

1. Ulcers 2. GERD 3. Heartburn 4. H-pylori

Proton Pump Inhibitors should be taken how long before breakfast and dinner?

30 to 60 minutes

What are examples of Proton Pump Inhibitors? -prazole

1. Omeprazole 2. Esomeprazole 3. Pantoprazole 4. Rabeprazole 5. Lansoprazole

What class of drug: Decrease intestinal peristalsis, which is usually increased in a patient with diarrhea.

Antidiarrheal

What are contraindications to Antidiarrheals?

Abdominal pain of unknown origin

What is an example of an antidiarrheal?

Loperamide

What class of drug: has a defoaming action that disperses and prevents the formation of mucus-surrounded gas pockets in the intestine.

Anti-flatulents

What is an example of an Anti-flatuent?

Simethicone

Pharmacological Profiles Flashcards

(225 cards)