Pharmacology 1

Question 1

what is autonomic NS?

Answer 1

• functional division of PNS
• lack of any voluntary control over it
• controls many visceral functions

Question 2

what are the 3 divisions of ANS?

Answer 2

• parasympathetic
• sympathetic
• enteric

Question 3

describe the features of the PNS

Answer 3

• rest and digest
• gut motility, food break down, reservation of bodies energy stores
• long pre-ganglionic
• short post-ganglionic
• 1:1
• Ach

Question 4

describe the features of the SNS

Answer 4

• fight or flight
• mass activation
• use of bodies energy stores
• short pre-ganglionic
• long post-ganglionic
• NA and Ach

Question 5

which of these is the dominant influence on tissues at rest?

Answer 5

PNS

Question 6

what are the 2 classes of cholinergic receptors? what subtypes are they?

Answer 6

• muscarinic receptors (G-protein linked)

- nicotinic (ionotropic)

Question 7

describe the synthesis of Ach

Answer 7

choline and acetyl-CoA bought together by choline acetyltransferase

Question 8

describe the synthesis of NA. which is the rate limiting step?

Answer 8

1. tyrosine –> DOPA (tyroxine hydroxylase - RLS)
2. DOPA –> dopamine (DOPA decarboxylase)
3. Dopamine –> Noradrenaline )(dopamine beta hydroxylase)

Question 9

what are the PNS actions of eye?

Answer 9

• short postganglionic neurones to ciliary muscles
• contraction to induce accommodation via muscarinic receptors
• and to sphincter pupillae to induce miosis via muscarinic receptors

Question 10

what are the SNS actions on the eye?

Answer 10

• symp actions on muscles (acts on iris radial muscles to induce mydriasis via alpha 1)
• symp actions on ciliary body (inc. aqueous humour production via beta 2)
• induces vasoconstriction of arterial supply via alpha 1

Question 11

describe action of PNS on salviary actions

Answer 11

• inc. secretions via Ach muscarinic receptors (copious watery secretions)
• inc. viscous, thick secretions via adrenoreceptors

Question 12

describe the SNS effects on sweat glands

Answer 12

innervated by SNS via ACh mAChR

Question 13

describe the PNS and SNS effects on bronchial smooth muscle

Answer 13

PNS: bronchial SM contraction via M3 receptor
SNS: bronchial SM relaxation via B2 receptor

Question 14

describe the PNS and SNS effects on the heart

Answer 14

PNS: dec. HR and contractility via M2 receptors
SNS: inc. HR and contractility via B1

Question 15

what are the SNS effects on kidneys?

Answer 15

• inc. renal production of renin via B1 stimulation

Question 16

what are the SNS effects on liver?

Answer 16

• symp stimulation of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis via beta and alpha receptors

Question 17

what are the PNS and SNS effects on genitalia (male and female)?

Answer 17

PNS : supply to vasculature of male genitalia - erection
SNS: ejaculation via alpha 1 male genitalia
SNS: stimulation to uterus via beta 2

Question 18

What are the PNS and SNS effects on GIT?

Answer 18

PNS: inc. gut motility, relaxes sphincters, inc. secretions via M3 receptors
SNS: dec. gut motility, contracts sphincters, inc. water reabsorption via alpha 1/beta 2

Question 19

what does SNS stimulation do to the skin?

Answer 19

• piloerection

- cutaneous vasodilation via beta 2

Question 20

describe the symp stimulation to blood vessels

Answer 20

• to muscle vascualture –> vasodilation mediated by beta 2

- to sphlancnic vasculature causing vasoconstriction –> mediated by alpha 1

Question 21

describe the PNS stimulation to blood vessels

Answer 21

• does not directly supply vasculature
• endothelial cells contain muscarinic receptors which produce NO in response to ACh
• cause sphlanic vasodilation

Question 22

what are the PNS and SNS effects in bladder and ureters?

Answer 22

• PNS: inc. detrusor muscle contraction, relaxes sphincters, dec. tone of ureter, (mediated by M3)
• SNS: stimulation to bladder and ureters relaxes detrusor, contracts sphincters, inc, tone of ureter (mediated via B2 and alpha 1)