Pharmacology

Question 1

Liver Enzymes Inducers vs Inhibitors

(Just list Inducers)

Answer 1

Inducers “SCRAP GPs” -
- Spironolactone & Sulfasalazine
- Carbamazepine
- Rifampicin
- Alcohol
- Phenytoin
- Griseofulvin
- Primidone
- OCP
- HIV drugs

Inhibitors “sickfaces.com”
- Sodium Valproate
- Isoniazid
- Cimetidine
- Ketoconazole
- Fluconazole
- Alcohol binging
- Chloramphenicol
- Erythromycin
- Sulphanomides
- Ciprofloxacin
- Omeprazole
- Metronidazole

Question 2

Diuretics - Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

(Example, Site, Action, Side effects)

Answer 2

• Acts on Proximal Convoluted Tubule
• Prevents bicarbonate & Na reabsorption -> Metabolic acidosis
• However, later on in the tubules, Na can be reabsorbed

Question 3

Diuretics - Loop Diuretics

(Example, Site, Action, Side effects)

Answer 3

• Acts on Ascending Loop of Henle
• Physiologically, Na gets reabsorbed, K+ secreted -> too much + charge in lumen -> Reabsorption of Ca and Mg.
• Loop diuretics prevents Na reabsorption -> K+ does not get secreted-> Ca and Mg will not be reabsorbed -> High Na in lumen causes large amount of exchange in distal convoluted tubule-> High K+ secretion in distal tubule
• Hence, S/E are Low Mg, Ca and K+.
• It also acts on ear cells -> Ototoxicity
• It also competes with transport of uric acid -> Hyperuricemia -> Gout

Question 4

Diuretics - Thiazide

(Example, Site, Action, Side effects)

Answer 4

• Acts on Distal Convoluted Tubule
• Inhibits NaCl channel -> Increase K+ secretion
• Low K+, Gout, Hypercalcemia

Question 5

Diuretics - K+ Sparing Diuretics

(Example, Site, Action, Side effects)

Answer 5

• Acts in Collecting tubule
• Aldosterone antagonised -> Prevents Na reabsorption -> K+ does not get secreted
• Hyperkalemia
• Chemical structure similar to natural steroid hormones -> Stimulate testosterone/progesterone receptors -> Gynaecomastia, Menstrual irregularities