Pharmacology

Question 1

Nine rights

Answer 1

o right person
o right dose
o right time
o right route
o right drug
o right action
o right form
o right response
o right documentation

Question 2

What are agonists

Answer 2

• binds to receptor and causes cellular response

Question 3

What are antagonist

Answer 3

blocks agonists

Question 4

Side effects of antibiotics

Answer 4

o nausea
o vomiting
o diarrhea
o loss of appetite
o stomach cramping
o thrush.

Question 5

must do for standing orders

Answer 5

• carried out by nurse and doctor must write out order

Question 6

must do for controlled drugs

Answer 6

must be counted for and signed by 2x nurses

Question 7

what is Hypokalaemia and causes

Answer 7

low potassium
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
- diuretics

Question 8

symptoms of hypokalaemia

Answer 8

Think “Low Energy”:
- Muscle weakness
- fatigue,
-leg cramps

Question 9

Hyperkalaemia and causes

Answer 9

• high potassium
• renal disease
• diabetes
• chemotherapy
• major trauma

Question 10

symptoms of hyperkalaemia

Answer 10

Think “Heart Alert”:
- Muscle weakness
- irregular heartbeat

or MURDER
Muscle weakness
Urine abnormalities (e.g., oliguria, anuria)
Respiratory distress
Decreased cardiac contractility
EKG changes (peaked T waves)
Reflexes (hyperreflexia or areflexia)

Question 11

Hyponatremia: What is it and causes

Answer 11

• low sodium levels
  Caused by:
• fluid overload
• oedema
• diuretics
• burns/ wounds

Question 12

Symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 12

Hyponatremia (Low Sodium)
Think “Swelling Brain”:
- Headache
- confusion
- nausea
- muscle weakness

Question 13

Hypernatremia: What is it and causes

Answer 13

high sodium levels
Caused by:
- dehydration
- increased salt intake

Question 14

Symptoms of hypernatremia

Answer 14

Think “Dehydration”
- Thirst
- confusion
- muscle twitching

Question 15

Hyponatremia: Treatment

Answer 15

IV fluids with sodium.

Question 16

Hypernatremia: Treatment

Answer 16

monitoring sodium intake
administering diuretics
monitoring daily weights.

Question 17

Hyperkalaemia Treatment

Answer 17

decreasing potassium in the diet
polystyrene which decreases potassium in the blood.

Question 18

Hypokalaemia treatment

Answer 18

administering oral potassium and IVF with potassium.

Question 19

Hypomagnesemia: What is it and causes

Answer 19

• low magnesium
  caused by:
• Alcoholism
• vomiting
• medications
• poor nutrition

Question 20

symptoms of hypomagnesemia

Answer 20

Low magnesium = Twitchy symptoms
- Twitching
- Tetany (muscle spasms)
- Tremors (shaking)

Question 21

Hypomagnesemia treatment

Answer 21

administration of magnesium sulphate IV

Question 22

Hypermagnesemia: What is it and causes

Answer 22

• high magnesium
  caused by:
• too much Mg in diet
• renal failure

Question 23

symptoms of hypermagnesemia

Answer 23

S - slow refleces
L - low HR and BP
O - Out of energy/fatigue
W - weakness

Question 24

Treatment of Hypomagnesemia:

Answer 24

administering calcium gluconate IV
monitor patients level of consciousness
monitor for confusion.

Question 25

Hypocalcaemia: What is it and causes

Answer 25

- low calcium levels causes: - thyroid disorder - renal failure - chemotherapy

Question 26

Hypocalcaemia treatment

Answer 26

administering calcium and vitamin D.

Question 27

Hypercalcemia: What is it and causes

Answer 27

- high calcium caused by: - overactive thyroid - cancer - diuretics.

Question 28

Symptoms of hypercalcemia

Answer 28

Think "Stones and Bones": - Nausea - constipation - confusion

Question 29

Hypercalcemia treatment

Answer 29

calcitonin loop diuretics bisphosphonates.

Question 30

What is isotonic solutions and example of name

Answer 30

- burns - surgery - dehydration - 0.9% sodium chloride - Lactated ringer’s solution

Question 31

What are hypotonic solutions used for and example

Answer 31

- increase fluid volume in body - Used for acute infections - for hydration -0.455 normal saline - 5% dextrose

Question 32

When to use Hypertonic solutions and example of name

Answer 32

- hyponatremia - metabloc alkalosis - hypovolemia - fluid maintenance Name: - Dextrose 5% in 0.45% normal saline - Dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer’s

Question 33

IV complications

Answer 33

1. air embolism 2. infiltration (iv fluid leaks into surrounding tissue) 3. infection 4. fluid overload 5. Phlebitis 6. Hematoma (collection of blood in tissue)

Question 34

Hypocalcemia S+S

Answer 34

Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium) Think "Twitchy": - Tingling in fingers - muscle cramps - facial twitching (Chvostek’s sign)