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pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three main antihypertensive drugs?

A

diuretics

ACE inhibitors

ARB blockers

ONLY HYPERTENSIVE MEDS

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2
Q

what are the two main antiarrhythmic drugs AND antihypertensives?

A

Beta blockers
Ca channel blockers

reduce HR & BP

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3
Q

what are the effects of beta blockers?

A

decrease HR and BP
broncho constriction
vasodilation

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4
Q

what are some side effects of beta blockers?

A

orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, bradycardia, venous pooling, ringing in the ears, lightheadedness

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5
Q

how will beta blockers affect ECG?

A

PR interval will increase because HR is lower

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6
Q

what do calcium channel blockers do?

A

block entry of calcium into cardiac tissue, reducing cardiac contractility and vasoconstriction

decrease HR, BP, cause bronchodilation

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7
Q

what do beta blockers do to afterload?

A

decrease it

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8
Q

should i give beta blockers to ppl with COPD and asthma?

A

NO because they cause bronchoconstriction

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9
Q

how do calcium channel blockers affect the ECG?

A

prolonged QT interval because contractility is decreased

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10
Q

side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, lightheadedness, ringing of the ears, venous pooling

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11
Q

drugs ending in -pines and -zem are what?

A

calcium channel blockers

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12
Q

drugs ending in -olol are what?

A

B blockers

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13
Q

for patients taking ca channel blockers and beta blockers, what scale should I use for exercise rx?

A

RPE :)

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14
Q

loop diuretics flush out _____ and _____ so you can possibly end up with hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, and dehydration

A

water and electrolytes

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15
Q

what is Lasix?

A

a loop diuretic

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16
Q

what’s another important side effect of loop diuretics?

A

reflex tachycardia

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17
Q

what are loop diuretics used for?

A

HTN, CHF, pulmonary edema

they flush shit out

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18
Q

Spironolactone is a _____ ______ diuretic

A

potassium sparing

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19
Q

what is a big side effect of spironolactone?

A

hyperkalemia (too much potassium)

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20
Q

thiazides excrete everything out but…

A

CLUG

calcium, lipids, urea, glucose

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21
Q

thiazides are _____ that inhibit reabsorption of ____ and ______

A

diuretics, water, sodium

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22
Q

drugs that end in -pril are what?

A

ACE inhibitors

ACE-pril (april)

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23
Q

is hyper or hypokalemia a side effect of ACE inhibitors and ARB blockers?

A

hyperkalemia

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24
Q

the liver secretes _______ 1, converts to ________ 2 which acts on _________ to release ________ which retains water and sodium and kicks potassium out

bonus: how does ACE inhibitor affect this?

A

angiotensin 1, angiotensin 2, adrenals, aldosterone which retains water and sodium and kicks potassium out

ACE inhibitors stop this from happening so there will be excess potassium = hyperkalemia, and water and Na are kicked out

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25
sides effects of ACE inhibitors?
dry hacking cough, hyperkalemia
26
does ACE inhibitors affect the heart?
no
27
-sartan refers to what group of drugs?
ARB blockers
28
examples of cardiac glycosides?
Digitalis, Digitoxin, and Digoxin (Lanoxin)
29
how does Digitalis, Digitoxin, and Digoxin (Lanoxin) work and what are they used for?
they reduce HR and increase strength of contraction CHF
30
ECG changes seen with cardiac glycosides?
prolonged PR interval, shortened QT interval
31
side effects of Digitalis?
digoxin toxicity arrhythmia, palpitations, fatigue, GI upset, visual disturbances, hyperkalemia, confusion
32
what are nitrates (nitroglycerin) used for?
vasodilation of arterial and venous vessels used for angina (relaxes BP)
33
how do you give NTGs? bonus: position of pt?
sublingually, 3 doses every 5 minutes pt must sit or lay.
34
what do you do if there is no relief after giving a pt a second dose of nitroglycerin?
call 911
35
are nitroglycerins taken short term or long term?
short term beta blockers and Ca channel blockers are good to take long term to prevent angina
36
warfarin (coumadin) and heparin are... what are they used for?
anticoagulants DVT MI and stroke
37
If a patient is on anticoagulants, what is an appropriate INR?
2-3
38
what is normal INR?
0.9-1
39
what is normal prothrombin time?
12-25 s
40
what if a patient on anticoagulants has an INR above 6?
bedrest until corrected
41
Aspirin is an _____ and a _____
anti-platelet, NSAID
42
what is aspirin used for?
prevents aggregation of platelets, prevents stroke and MI
43
side effects of anti-platelets?
peptic ulcers, gastritis, risk of internal bleeding
44
what does cox2 do?
produces inflammation
45
what in an example of a selective nsaid?
celebrex
46
selective NSAIDs block
cox2 only
47
non-selective nsaids block
both cox1 (healthy prostaglandins) and cox2
48
name 3 types of non-selective NSAIDS
aspirin, ibuprofen, Naproxen
49
side effects of selective NSAIDS
increased risk of MI and stroke
50
side effects of non-selective NSAIDS
bleeding, gastic ulcers, nausea, vomiting
51
acetaminophen is a...
pain reliever also calle tylenol
52
is acetaminophen antiinflammatory?
no...just antipyretic, analgesic, headache
53
overuse of acetaminophen can cause....
liver damage
54
what is the antidote for opioid overdose?
Naloxone
55
how many minutes before therapy should I take opioids?
30 min
56
what drugs end in -pam and -lams
Benzodiazepines
57
what do benzodiazepines do?
causes GABA to secrete (inhibitory) used to treat muscle spasms, anxiety, insomnia, alc withdrawal, acute epileptic attacks
58
what is a big side effect of benzos? when is best time to take it?
falls risk at night (dont drive after taking)
59
Baclofen is a ...
muscle relaxant reduces muscle spasticity seen in spinal cord lesions (MS, SCI)
60
side effects of Baclofen?
hypotonia, confusion, falls, drowsiness
61
what is Botulinum Toxin used for?
muscle spasticity seen with CP
62
what drugs end in -ol ? what are they used for?
bronchodilator drugs used for asthma and COPD
63
side effects of bronchodilators ?
tremors, palpitation, gI disturbance, dry mouth
64
penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin, and gentamicin all treat
bacterial infections
65
what is an adverse effect of gentamicin?
ototoxicity (BPPV)
66
what is methotrexate used for?
RA
67
what drug can treat peripheral neuropathy?
Lyrica/Gabapentin
68
statins are used for
cholesterol
69
side effect of statins?
rhabdomyolisis
70
what is phenobartibal used for?
epileptic patients
71
what can help with autoimmune conditions
corticosteroids
72
taking cortiocosteroids long term can lead to
osteoporosis

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