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research Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the highest form of evidence?

A

meta-analysis

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2
Q

what is the MAIN difference between meta-analysis and systematic reviews?

A

meta analysis: statistics is performed

systematic reviews: statistics is NOT performed

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3
Q

which level of evidence/type of study determines the efficacy of an intervention and participants are randomly allocated into different groups?

A

RCTs

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4
Q

which type of study is an observational study that compares a group of people’s outcomes who share a common characteristic?

A

cohort study

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5
Q

what’s the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies?

A

prospective: data will be collected in the future/collecting ongoing data

retrospective: data has already been collected

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6
Q

which type of study compares a group of individuals with a SPECIFIC CONDITION with a group of people without the same condition?

A

case control studies

need a control group

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7
Q

which type of study is observational where data is collected from a population at a SINGLE POINT IN TIME?

A

cross sectional

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8
Q

arrange these in order from best level of evidence to worst?

cohort studies
RCTs
cross sectional studies
meta-analysis
case series/case reports
systematic review
case control studies

A

meta-analysis
systematic review
RCTs
cohort studies
case control studies
cross sectional studies
case series/case reports

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9
Q

which type of study is observational and involves repeated measurements of the same individuals or groups across extended periods of time to understand patterns?

A

longitudinal studies

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10
Q

true or false: cohort studies are one type of longitudinal studies, but not all longitudinal studies are cohort studies.

A

true

longitudinal studies could include a group of people who do not share a common event

cohort studies may or may not have that follow up

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11
Q

which type of study documents a clinical case of a single patient or series of patients?

A

case series/case report

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12
Q

what is the weakest level of evidence?

A

case series/case report

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13
Q

if you are observing 2 groups with and without stroke and there is no control group or intervention, what type of study is this?

A

cohort

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14
Q

is a statistical analysis done in qualitative research?

A

no bc you don’t have numbers. you do it in qualitative research

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15
Q

the medical outcomes study 36-item short form is a survey to measure ______.

A

QOL

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16
Q

what are the two types of qualitative, NOn parametric data?

A

nominal
ordinal

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17
Q

data that is labelled into mutually exclusive categories, like gender, is ________ data.

A

nominal

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18
Q

data that is measured in rank and the order matters is _____ data. ex. MMT, MAS, level of assistance

A

ordinal

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19
Q

what are the two types of. quantitative data?

A

discrete
continuous

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20
Q

are interval and ratio used in parametric or non parametric data?

A

parametric

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21
Q

discrete data is ______ numbers

A

whole

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22
Q

is continuous data whole numbers or numbers with decimals ?

A

numbers with decimals

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23
Q

what is the main difference between interval and ratio data?

A

interval: the difference between two values is meaningful and holds no true zero (ex. temp, IQ)

ratio: has all the properties of an interval variable but has a clear definition of true zero (ex. height, weight, age, money)

rati0

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24
Q

the results of the modified ashworth scale is an example of what kind of data?

A

ordinal

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25
reliability is the _______ of an instrument or measure
consistency
26
what type of reliability is when a test is performed by one person several times?
intra-rater
27
what type of reliability is when a test is performed by 2 or more individuals on different subjects for testing 1 variable?
inter-rater
28
what type of reliability is when the same test is given to the same individuals on two occasions?
test-retest
29
validity is the extent to which the instruments used in an experience measure __________________.
exactly what you want them to measure
30
what is the strongest form of validity?
concurrent test performed and compared to the gold standard and results are matched
31
name the type of validity: HR is measured by peripheral pulse vs ECG readings and the results are matched
concurrent
32
name the type of validity: test should measure specifically what the patient problem is. (ex. for functional balance and fall risk, the TUG is used)
content
33
name the type of validity: the test should measure what it's supposed to (ex. using a goni to test ROM)
construct device is constructed for a particular use
34
what is the weakest form of validity
face validity
35
what type of validity is when the outcome measure measures what it looks like/appears it will measure related to the patient problem?
face validity more subjective
36
type 1 error is a false ________
positive
37
type 2 error is a false ________
negative
38
if a sensitive test is positive, the patient _____ the condition
has
39
is a sensitive test is negative, the condition is ruled (in/out)
out SnOut
40
negative (sensitive/specific) tests help rule conditions out
sensitive SnOut few false negatives
41
positive (sensitive/specific) tests help rule conditions in
specific SpIn few false positives
42
can you come to a diagnosis with a positive specific test?
no but you know there is a condition, but you should do further testing to confirm
43
specific tests are used to determine if a patient is ______. sensitive tests determine if a patient has _________.
healthy condition
44
equations for % sensitivity and specificity
sensitivity: TP/(TP+FN) specificity: TN/(TN+FP)
45
_____ _________ _____s are tools designed to improve decision making in clinical practice by assisting practitioners in making a particular dx
clinical prediction rules (CPRs)
46
list two examples of CPRs
ottawa ankle rules DVT Wells Criteria
47
what is the outcome or variable of interest in a study?
dependent
48
what is the intervention/variable that is manipulated or changed in a study?
independent variable
49
what is a null hypothesis?
no significant differences in group means
50
what is an alternative hypothesis?
significant differences in group means
51
what is considered as an independent variable in an analysis but is not of primary interest? It's also a potential source of variation?
covariate
52
is parametric or non-parametric research more powerful?
parametric
53
parametric research has an (equal/unequal) distribution
equal
54
does parametric research use qualitative or quantitative data?
quanitative (interval and ratio)
55
what t-test compares the difference between 2 equal sample sizes with difference characteristics?
independent
56
what t-test compares differences between 2 groups with the same characteristics?
paired t-test
57
in a one tailed t-test, you have a ________ hypothesis
directional (you can tell what's gonna happen)
58
in a two tailed t-test, you have a ________ hypothesis
non-directional (you don't know what will happen)
59
for a one way ANOVA, you need at least ___ groups compared on ___ intervention
3, 1
60
for a two way ANOVA, you need at least ____ groups compared on ____ interventions
3, 2
61
for repeated measures ANOVA, individuals are measured over _____.
time
62
ANCOVA is an extension of ____ and uses a ________
ANOVA covariable
63
Chi square, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test are all examples of _______ tests
non-parametric
64
which non-parametric test compares three or more groups ?
Kruskal Wallis (remember unequal groups)
65
which non-parametric test uses nominal/categorical data to find difference between groups?
chi square
66
which non-parametric test uses continuous or ordinal data to test the null hypothesis with two independent samples from the same popualtion?
mann whitney U test
67
what are the ranges for strength of correlation coefficient (r)
high (.76-1.00) moderate (.51-.75) fair (.26-.5) low (0-.25)
68
________ is used to determine how one variable affects another and is expressed in the form of an equation?
regression (R)
69
an R^2 value of >.5 is strong or weak?
strong more than .5 is strong less than .5 is weak
70
the pearson product correlation (r) is used for
quantifying association between two variables parametric test
71
the spearman rho correlation is used for
quantifying association between two variables in a non-parametric test

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