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pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is pharmacology the study of?
AMUA

A

Actions
Mechanisms
Uses
Adverse effects of drugs

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2
Q

What 2 disciplines are pharmacology divided into?

A

pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK)

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3
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

Natural/ semi-synthetic or synthetic substance that alters the physiological state of a living organism/ system.

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4
Q

What are the 3 names that drugs are given?

A

Chemical, non-proprietary (generic) and propriety (brand)

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5
Q

what is the definition of pharmacodynamics?

A

Pharmacodynamics is studying the effects of a drug on various systems in the body.

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6
Q

What does Pharmacodynamics look at?

A

It looks at:
how the drug binds to the target site and initiates changes in various systems to change their physiological state

It also explains why some drugs maybe more potent than others or why different doses maybe needed

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7
Q

Drug binds to receptors to initiate changes in cells leading to therapeutic/ adverse effects. what are the 3 types of receptors?

A

Agonist
Partial agonist
Antagonist: competitive or irreversible (non-competitive)

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8
Q

What is the definition of Pharmacokinetics?

A

Pharmacokinetics is a fundamental scientific discipline that underpins the administration of drugs

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9
Q

What does Pharmacokinetics follow?

A

It follows a drug from the moment that it is
administered up to the point at which it is completely
eliminated from the body

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10
Q

What is a short definition of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

A

Pharmacokinetics - what the body does to the drug/ substance

Pharmacodynamics - what the drug/ substance does to the body

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11
Q

What are the 4 main principles of Pharmacokinetics?
ADME

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

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12
Q

What does absorption refer to?

A

Refers to the amount of drug
in general circulation

bioavailability

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13
Q

what is bioavailability?

A

The fraction of drug available to produce an effect
Amount of drug in general circulation
F = ——————————————–
Amount of drug administered

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14
Q

What are 3 mechanisms of drug transfer?

A

Passive diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated transport

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15
Q

what are 3 basic concepts of Pharmacokinetics?

A

Drug transfer

Drug properties

Effect of pH

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16
Q

What makes up drug formulations?

A

Solid/ semisolid
Liquid: suspension, solution
Polymer

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17
Q

What makes up Drug chemistry?

A

Molecular size and shape
State of ionization
Lipid – water partition coefficient

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18
Q

what influences the degree of dissociation?

A

pH of solution
pKa of the drug (dissociation constant)

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19
Q

What happens when ionized drugs become trapped in certain areas?

A

They cannot diffuse anymore thus reducing the amount of drug available to produce an effect

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20
Q

What is the clinical importance of absorption?

A

different routes of administration can maximize drug bioavailability

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21
Q

What effects do changes in bioavailability have on drugs?

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A

Loss of drug effectiveness

drug toxicity

22
Q

what are common routes of administration?

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A

Enteral administration
- oral – po
- rectal
- sublingual, buccal

Parenteral administration - routes other than the digestive tract
- intravenous – iv (bioavailability 100%)
- intramuscular – im
- Subcutaneous – sc
- transdermal
- inhalation
- topical
- intrathecal (CSF)

23
Q

What is used as an index of drug concentration in tissue?

Study These Flashcards
A

Plasma concentration

24
Q

what is the Volume of distribution?

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A

Theoretical volume (in L) into which a drug dissolves to produce the plasma concentration observed at steady state

25
What is the clinical importance of volume distribution?
changes in VD influence plasma concentration of drug and dose may need adjusting
26
What is lipophilic?
Lipid soluble
27
Which molecules can be eliminated from the body?
only water soluble molecules
28
Where is a major site of metabolism?
The liver but can also occur in the kidneys or lungs
29
What is metabolism influenced by?
Interaction with other drugs/ supplements Ageing Diseases (mostly important liver disease) Genetic polymorphism
30
What are common methods of drug elimination?
Renal Pulmonary Biliary Sweat, tears Breast milk only hydrophilic molecules can be excreted
31
What are the 2 types of time dependent patterns of drug elimination?
first order and zero order kinetics
32
What is first order kinetics?
Constant fraction of drug eliminated per time. rate of drug elimination proportional to drug plasma concentration. graph - curved
33
What is zero order kinetics?
constant amount of drug eliminated per time Rate of drug elimination independent of drug plasma concentration. Graph: straight line
34
What is the clinical importance of 1st order kinetics?
Time to eliminate drug independent of dose Increasing dose or frequency of administration produces predictable rises in plasma concentration Majority of drugs use first order kinetics
35
What is the clinical importance of zero order kinetics?
Time to eliminate drug dependent of dose Increasing dose or frequency of administration produces unpredictable rises in plasma concentration Makes drug administration complicated
36
what are Important parameters of 1st order kinetics?
1. Elimination rate constant ke: describes the fraction of drug eliminated per unit time 2. Half-life: interval of time to reduce the plasma concentration by one half
37
Half life in zero order kinetics is independent of dose but is useful to estimate?
time to clear drug from body duration of action time to achieve steady state dosage interval to maintain steady state
38
Assuming intact renal and hepatic function. What is the time needed to reach steady state plasma concentration after a single dose or how long does it take to clear a drug from the body?
4 - 5 half lives
39
What is the definition of clearance?
volume of plasma from which the drug would be removed per unit time Expressed in ml/minute
40
Which is the most direct route of drug administration? Oral Intravenous Intrarectal
IV
41
True or false: Reactions of second phase are compulsory in drug metabolism before excretion.
false
42
True or false? Zero-order kinetics does not depend on dose.
False - first order is dose-independent
43
What does ADR stand for?
Adverse drug reaction
44
What are adverse drug interactions we need to think about when giving contrast?
contrast media alone interactions with drugs
45
What are the 2 types of drug interactions?
PD - Pharmacodynamics PK - Pharmacokinetics
46
What are the risks of contrast and drug interactions?
Reduce renal function with reduced drug excretion Enhanced contrast media renal effects Enhanced allergic-like reactions to contrast media Enhanced contrast media cardiac effects Interference with hematological effects of contrast media and Contrast media and neuroleptic drugs
47
Which drugs can reduce renal function and therefore reduce drug excretion?
metformin and lithium
48
Which drugs can cuase enhanced contrast media renal effects?
NSAIDs, gentamicin, chemotherapeutic drugs, diuretics
49
Which drugs can enhance allergic-like reactions to contrast media?
alpha-receptor blockers (beta-controversial), interferons, interleukins, hydralazine
50
Which drugs can enhance contrast media cardiac effects?
high osmolar contrast media and calcium blockers
51
Which drugs can Interfere with hematological effects of contrast media?
(coagulation and fibrinolysis) e.g. anticoagulants and antiplatelets

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