Pharmacology Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY?
A
science that deals with the origin, nature, effects and uses of drugs.
2
Q
WHAT IS A DRUG?
A
any chemical substance that produces a biological response in a living system.
3
Q
WHAT IS DRUG USED AS OR FOR?
A
Used as medicine to aid in the diagnosis,
treatment,
or prevention of disease
4
Q
WHAT IS “PDR”?
A
Physicians Desk Reference
5
Q
What does the PDR DO?
A
Drug information resource available in Radiology Departments. The resource is updated yearly.
6
Q
Drug Reference Includes:
A
- Drug Indications
- Drug Contraindications
- Possible side effects
- Dosage
- Administration
7
Q
WHAT IS “INDICATION”?
A
something that is indicated as advisable or necessary regarding a specific medical treatment or procedure
(i.e., Oxygen is indicated for a patient who is having difficulty breathing).
8
Q
WHAT IS “CONTRAINDICATION”?
A
something such as a symptom or condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable
(i.e., a patient with a known seafood allergy should not be given iodinated contrast media)
9
Q
WHAT ARE SOME RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE RADIOGRAPHER?
A
- Have a broad knowledge of drugs
- Know the methods of administration
- Recognize emergency situations
- Assist medical personnel
- Obtain patient consent
- Maintain patient records
10
Q
HOW ARE DRUGS CLASSIFIED?
A
- Classification by name
- Classification by action
- Legal classification
11
Q
HOW ARE THEY CLASSIFIED BY NAMES?
A
a) Chemical name
i.e. 7-chloro-1, 3-dihydro-1-Methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin 2-1
b) Generic name
i.e. diazepam
c) Trademark or brand name
i.e. Valium
12
Q
HOW ARE DRUGS CLASSIFIED BY ACTIONS?
A
Drugs are classified in according to action or function.
i.e. Sedatives, Anti-inflammatory, Diuretics
13
Q
HOW ARE THEY LEGALLY CLASSIFIED?
A
Drugs are classified by federal law as prescription or non-prescription.
i.e. Nonprescription – Tylenol
Prescription – Tylenol/Codeine
14
Q
What are some Dosage Forms of drugs?
A
Tablets
Capsule
Suppository
Solution
Suspension
Topical
Transdermal Patch
15
Q
WHAT ARE “TABLETS”?
A
Tablets – a scored-powered tablet that is swallowed.
Some tablets are coated so that the medication is not absorbed in the stomach but later in the small intestine.
16
Q
WHAT ARE “CAPSULES”?
A
Capsule – is a liquid or powdered form of drug surrounded by a gel shell. The gel dissolves in the stomach.
17
Q
WHAT ARE “SUPPOSITORY”?
A
Suppository – a drug that is delivered rectally or through the vagina or urethra.
18
Q
WHAT ARE “SOLUTONS”?
A
Solution – the drug is dissolved in a liquid.
19
Q
WHAT ARE “SUSPENSION”?
A
Suspension – the drug is combined in a liquid. The liquid will separate and must be thoroughly shaken before being administered. Suspensions may never be injected.
20
Q
WHAT ARE “TOPICALS”?
A
Topical – a drug is applied directly onto the skin or the infected area.
21
Q
WHAT ARE “TRANSDERMAL PATCH”?
A
Transdermal Patch – an adhesive Band-Aid like device is attached to the skin and releases the drug over time.
22
Q
ACTIONS, INDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
A
Drugs/medications are classified by what action they will cause.
Sometimes a single drug may produce multiple physiologic effects on the body therefore it may fall under more than one category.
23
Q
What is “ANALGESIC?
A
drug that relieves pain without causing a loss of consciousness.
24
Q
What are ANALGESIC CLASSIFIED AS?
A
Analgesics are classified as
-non-opioids (non-narcotics)
-opioids (narcotics).
25
What are NARCOTICS USED FOR?
Narcotics are used to treat moderate to severe pain and are capable of causing physiological dependency with regular use.
26
What are examples of non-opioid and opioid drugs?
i.e. nonopioid – Tylenol
opioid – Morphine and Demerol
27
WHAT IS "ANESTHETIC"?
A drug that causes a loss of feeling or sensation.
2 TYPES
GENERAL ANESTHETIC
LOCAL ANESTHETIC
28
WHAT IS GENERAL ANESTHETIC?
General Anesthetic – act on the Central Nervous System and by producing muscle relaxation and unconsciousness.
29
WHAT IS LOCAL ANESTETIC?
block nerve conduction to an area.
i.e. Penothal and Novocain
30
What are 2 drugs that block nerve conduction ?
i.e. Penothal and Novocain
31
What are Antianxieties?
drugs used in the treatment of anxiety.
i.e. Valium, Ativan and Buspar
32
EXAAMPLES OF ANTIANXIETIES
i.e. Valium, Ativan and Buspar
33
What are Antiarrhythmics?
drugs used to treat an abnormal heart
34
EXAMPLE OF A ANTIARYTHMITICS
Amiodarone
35
What are antibiotics?
drugs used to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
36
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF ANTIBIOTICS?
PENCILLIN
DOXYCYLINE
AMOXILLIN
37
What are ANTICHOLINGERIC?
also called Antispasmatics,
Drugs that block the passage of impulses through the parasympathetic nerve impulses and thereby reduce spasms of smooth muscle.
38
EXAMPLE OF A ANTICHOLINGERIC
Atropine
39
WHAT ARE ANTICOAGULANTS?
drugs that inhibit blood clotting
40
EXAMPLES OF ANTICOAGULANTS
HEPARIN
LOVENOX
41
SOME OTHER
Anticonvulsant – drugs used to prevent or control seizures.
i.e. Dilantin
Antiemetics – drugs used to treat and prevent nausea.
i.e. Compazine and Zofran
Antihistamines – drugs used to treat allergic reactions.
i.e. Benadryl (Diphenhydramine)
Antihypertensive- a drug used to treat high blood pressure. (HCTZ)
Anti-inflammatories – drugs used to fight inflammation.
i.e. Motrin and Celebrex
Bronchodilator – drug that causes expansion or dilation of the air passages of the lungs.
Bronchodilators are used to treat i.e. asthma and COPD.
A common side effect of bronchodilators is tachycardia. i.e. Albuterol (Proventil).
Coagulants – drugs used to control hemorrhage or induce coagulation (clotting). i.e., Vasopressin, Menadione
Corticosteroids – drugs that reduce inflammation. i.e., cortisone, hydrocortisone and prednisone
Diuretic – drug that promotes the excretion of urine by the kidneys which causes the removal of sodium from the body. Diuretics are used to treat edema. Edema is the presence of excessive amounts of fluids in the tissues. i.e. Lasix
Emetic – drug that causes vomiting Emetics may be used to empty the stomach of a person that has ingested a toxic amount of a drug. i.e. Ipecac
Laxative – drug that promotes defecation (a bowel movement) and the elimination of feces from the colon.
i.e. Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
Sedatives– or hypnotics, drugs to depress the central nervous system.
i.e., diazepam (Valium®) and alprazolam (Xanax®)
Stimulants – drugs that increase activity.
Stimulants may be used to increase the activity of the brain, spinal cord, respiratory system and the heart. i.e., Amphetamine, Ephedrine, Methamphetamine
Thrombolytics– drugs that are used to dissolve blood clots (thrombi) that have already formed.
* They are used in the cases of myocardial infarction and strokes. i.e., Heparin, Warfarin.
Vasoconstrictor– drug that constricts the blood vessels.
i.e. Norepinephrine (Levophed)
Vasodilator- drug that dilates the blood vessels.
i.e. Nitroglycerin
42
What are some RESPONSE FACTORS?
-Adverse Reactions
-Side effects
-Toxic reactions
-Allergic reactions
43
WHAT ARE ADVERSE REACTIONS?
Adverse Reactions- unintended or undesirable effects.
44
WHAT ARE SIDE EFFCTS?
Side effects – responses to the drug that are unrelated to the intended action.
45
WHAT ARE TOXIC REACTIONS?
Toxic reactions – adverse drug reactions related to the dose of the drug.
46
WHAT ARE ALLERGIC REACTIONS
Allergic reactions- is a sensitivity to a specific substance
47
What is a substance called that related to allergic reactions?
called an allergen that is contacted
-through the skin,
-inhaled into the lungs,
-swallowed, or injected
48
DO ALLERGIC REACTIONS HAPPEN IMMEDIATELY?
Allergic reactions may be immediate or delayed.
49
What happens when you are exposed for the FIRST TIME?
While first-time exposure may only produce a mild reaction
50
What happens when you are exposed "REPEATED TIMES/EXPOSURES?
repeated exposures may lead to more serious reactions
51
IF A PERSON HAS HAD PREVIOUS REACTIONS?
Once a person has had a previous reaction, even a very limited exposure to a very small amount of allergen can trigger a sever reaction.
52
WHAT ARE 2 TYPES OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS?
1. Mild allergic reactions
2. Severe allergic reactions
53
WHAT ARE "MILD REACTIONS"?
Mild allergic reactions – Hives also called urticaria, itching of palms and soles of feet.
54
WHAT ARE "SEVERE REACTIONS"?
Severe allergic reactions – dyspnea, dysphagia, wheezing, Hypertension, and cardiopulmonary
55
What is a severe form of ALLERGIC REACTION THAT IS LIFE THREATNING?
A severe form of an allergic reaction to a drug that is life threatening is Anaphylactic Shock or Anaphylaxis. .
56
What is Anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is a sudden and severe allergic reaction that occurs within minutes of exposure, Progresses rapidly and
-can lead to anaphylactic shock and death
-within 15 minutes if medical intervention is not obtained
57
Treatment for Severe Anaphylaxis:
Call for help
Maintain the patient’s airway
The radiologist will inject an antihistamine (Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl)).
An adrenergic may also be injected which will increase blood pressure and relax the smooth muscle of the respiratory system (epinephrine(adrenalin)).
Call a code if necessary and assist with CPR.
58
WHAT WILL ADRENALINE CAUSE?
Adrenaline causes quickening of the heartbeat, strengthens the force of the heart’s contraction, opens up the bronchioles in the lungs and has other numerous effects.
The secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal is part of the “fight or flight” reaction that we have in response to being frightened.
59
What are Idiosyncratic reactions?
an unusual response to a drug that is particular to only the individual.
All unusual reactions to a drug administration should be reported to the radiologist or radiology nurse
60
Principles of Drugs Administration
1. Right drug
2. Right amount
3. Right patient
4. Right time
5. Right route
61
Methods of Administration
Three classes of administration routes:
-Enteral
-Parenteral
-Topical
62
Routes of Drug Administration
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Topical
Rectal
Parenteral
63
Parenteral
-Ampule
-Vial
-Prefilled syringe
-Infusion drip
64
Routes of Drug Administration
1. Oral – by mouth
2. Sublingual – beneath the tongue
3. Topical – on top of the skin
4. Parenteral – not through the GI but introduced by injection or some other route.
65
An injection of a drug:
is a form of parental administration and Standard Precautions and sterile (aseptic) administration technique should be followed.
66
Enteral Routes
Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
67
Parenteral Routes
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
68
Before administering any drug:
confirm the identity of the patient.
69
After administration:
chart the drug and all pertinent information with regard to the administration.
70
Topical
Wash your hands.
Wear gloves (without gloves the medication can enter your skin).
Monitor the skin area for irritation.
Chart all relevant information.
71
Oral and Sublingual
Wash hands before administering the drug.
Never touch the medication.
Put the drug in a medicine cup or clean towel.
Chart all relevant information.
72
WHAT IS Parenteral?
the drug is introduced into the body in a method that bypasses the GI system, such as the subcutaneous, the intramuscular, or often the intravenous route
73
DRUG ADMINISTRATION SUPPLIES
Parenteral administration uses syringes and needles.
An angiocath is a safer device compared with other systems to use when performing venipuncture.
Needle diameters expressed in gauges
74
Drug Administration Supplies
Drugs intended for use by parenteral administration are packaged in different kinds of containers.
-Standard hypodermic syringe
-Insulin syringe
-Tuberculin syringe
-Prefilled syringe
75
Parts of a syringe.
Parts of a syringe.
Tip
Barrel
Plunger
Luer – Lok – attaches needles to
syringe
Needles (made of stainless steel)
Hub
Cannula or Shaft
Bevel
Needles and syringes are used only once and disposed of according OSHA regulations.
OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration
76
HOW OFTEN 1 NEEDLE/SYRINGE IS USED?
Needles and syringes are used only once and disposed of according OSHA regulations.
77
OSHA STANDS FOR?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
78
Supplies for Injections
Syringe Sizes: 2ml to 50 ml
Needle Sizes:
Length – Measurement in the length of the shaft portion.
¼ inch to 5 inches.
Gauge – Thickness or diameter of the needle.
The smaller the gauge the larger the diameter.
i.e., A needle package labeled. “24g/1 ½ “indicates: 24 gauge and 1 ½ inches in length.
79
What type of drug administration is INJECTIONS?
Injection – is a type of parenteral administration.
80
What are SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS?
1. Subcutaneous – the needle is inserted and the drug is injected directly beneath the skin.
Insertion of the needle:
45-degree angle.
Chart all relevant information.
81
What are INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS?
Intramuscular – the needle is inserted and the drug is injected into a muscle.
Insertion of the needle:
90-degree angle.
Chart all relevant information.
.
82
What are INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS?
Intravenous – the needle is inserted and the drug is injected into a vein.
Insertion of the needle:
15-degree angle
Chart all relevant information
83
ANGLES OF NEEDLES
INTRAMUSCULAR- 90 DEGREE
SUBCUTANEOUS- 45 DEGREE
INTRAVENOUS -15 DEGREE 0R 25?
INTRADERMAL-10-15 DEGREES
84
WHAT ARE NEEDLE BEVELS?
Needle Bevel – is the slanted part of the needle tip that is inserted into the skin.
85
How should the BEVEL BE FACING, DURING AN INJECTION?
The bevel should be facing up during the injection.
86
How does the SIZES OF BEVELS RANGES?
Bevel sizes range from long to short.
1. SHORT BEVELS
2.LONG BEVELS
87
What are SHORT BEVELS used for?
Short bevels – used for intravenous injections.
88
What are LONG BEVELS used for?
Long bevels – used for subcutaneous and intramuscular injections.
89
What happens when drugs are administered by injections?
Drugs that are administered by injection are:
-rapidly absorbed and must be administered following:
-aseptic technique and
-Standard Precautions.
90
Needleless Systems for IV Administration of Drugs
-Popular and widely used
-Reduces needlesticks
-Needleless systems use a hep-lock design and have a white ring on the port.
-The hep-lock identifies a needleless system, and needles should not be used
91
Parenteral Administration
Drugs that are injected have a rapid onset of action because they are absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
All forms of parenteral administration require the use of a needle, syringe, and container.
92
Packaging of Parenteral Drugs
Ampule
Vial
Calibrated Sterile Bottle or Plastic Bag-
93
What are AMPULES?
a sealed glass container designed to hold a single dose of a drug that is only used once.
94
What are VIALS?
small glass bottle with a sealed rubber cap.
Vials come in different sizes and may contain multiple doses of a drug.
95
What are Calibrated Sterile Bottle or Plastic Bag?
used for drip IV infusion.
96
What are 3 methods of IV ADMINISTRATION?
Three methods:
1.Slow injection rate with single administration route
2.Administration of a drug by intravenous bolus or intravenous push
3.Administration of a large volume of fluid using a drip infusion assembly
97
What is BOLUS?
Bolus – is the total amount of a drug that is administrated.
98
WHAT IS Intravenous Push?
the drug is injected quickly and at one time.
99
What are Power Injectors ?
– used for radiographic procedures where a contrast media is introduced into a vessel using a mechanical injector assembly that will automatically deliver the solution while the radiographs are being taken.
The radiographer is responsible for the preparation of the assembly while setting up the room and the patient for the procedure.
100
What is the Radiographer responsible for?
The radiographer is responsible for the preparation of the assembly while setting up the room and the patient for the procedure.
101
DRIP INFUSION
* Involves infusion via an IV assembly
* Used for large volumes of fluid administered
(Large volumes of fluid are delivered over a long period of time)
The solution or drug hangs from an IV pole and is administered slowly over time.
The solution is placed above the patient on the IV pole at a height of 18 to 24 inches above the site.
Unless otherwise directed by a physician 10 to 20 drops per minute is an acceptable flow rate of the solution.
Patients often come with IV pumps
Pay attention to the IV pump alarms
102
IV Pump Assembly
An IV pump regulates flow rates electronically.
A controller regulates the flow rate by counting the drops and compressing the IV tubing to adjust flow.
Be aware of IV pump alarms.
103
Sometimes an Intravenous Pump may be attached to the drip infusion tubing on the Iv pole which will monitor?
the flow rate.
104
The radiographer should not/NEVER?
The radiographer should not turn off or reset the Intravenous pump if the alarm goes off but should notify a radiology nurse.
105
What does the ALARM INDICATE?
The alarm indicates the solution is not flowing at the correct rate.
106
Contrast Media in radiology may be administered via?
push method or
drip infusion method
depending on the radiographic study and the contrast used.
107
intravenous
Intravenous – within a vein.
Most drugs given in diagnostic imaging are introduced into the venous system.
Radiographers should never leave patients unattended that are receiving IV therapy or IV injections, the patient must also be closely watched for reactions throughout the procedure.
Contrast Media or Contrast Agents – are diagnostic agents introduced into the body via body orifices or veins and arteries that will enhance subject contrast in areas in the body where there is low subject contrast.
Bolus Injection – the designated amount of a drug is introduced into the body all at one time.
Infusion – a larger amount of a drug is administered over a longer period of time (i.e. hours or days).
108
Butterfly needles
– are commonly used for short term IV therapy.
Butterfly needles are short needles that have a plastic wing tips attached on both sides which makes it easier to hold the short needle as it is inserted into the vein.
109
Common Rx Abbreviations
ac before meals
bid twice a day
cc cubic centimeter
g gram
h hour
hs at bedtime
IM Intramuscular
IV Intravenous
mg Milligram
mL Milliliter
pc after meals
PO by mouth
prn as needed
qh every hour
q2h every twice hours
q3h every three hours
qid four times a day
SC Subcutaneous
Stat immediately
tid three times a day
