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Year 2 Exotics > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Why should you not inject into the caudal half of a bird?

A

Due to the renal portal system- any drug would just be excreted

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2
Q

What 3 things pose an issue with exotic pharmacology?

A

Small muscle masses
Renal portal system
Few licenced products

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3
Q

Why should you not medicate via the water bowl?

A

Most sense it and therefore do not drink

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4
Q

What’s the risk of injecting into a rabbits marginal ear vein?

A

Risk of sloughing

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5
Q

Name a muscle and vein you could inject into in a rabbit and ferret

A

Cephalic

Cranial quadriceps

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6
Q

If giving birds medication orally/enterally what do we need to do?

A

Stomach tube them

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7
Q

Where is best for a SC injection in birds?

A

Skin on inner thigh 1/2 way between body and stifle

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8
Q

IM muscles in birds are sometimes given in the pectorals. Which two birds can you not do this with?

A

Emus- not as well developed as these builds don’t fly

Neonates- as also little development

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9
Q

Why do you need to avoid the cranial lateral thigh?

A

Renal portal system

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10
Q

Which vein could you inject into in a bird!

A

Right jugular

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11
Q

Which bone could you put drugs into in a bird?

Which would you avoid and why?

A

Distal ulna

Humerus as its pneumatic (and injecting would let the air out)

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12
Q

Why can you not give drugs to reptiles that are not eating?

A

The GI tract shuts down between meals

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13
Q

Are s/c injections practical in reptiles?

A

No

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14
Q

Reptiles have a renal portal system to avoid injecting caudally. Where could you give IM injections in lizards and chelonions? Where in snakes?

A

Lizards and chel: upper arm

Snake: epaxials

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15
Q

Veins to sample in chelonions?

Lizards and snakes?

A

Right jugular

Tail vein

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16
Q

Lizards are the only reptiles when you can do an IO injection. Which is the only bone you can use?

A

Proximal tibia

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17
Q

Name the bacteriocidal antibiotics

A

Remember: cats are my favourite pets. (Not Norman, would kill him, therefore cidal)

Cephalosporins 
Aminoglycosides
Metronidazole
Fluoroquinolones
Penicillin
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18
Q

Pen and Ceph stop cell wall synthesis
Fluro and metron effect DNA
What do aminoglycosides do?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

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19
Q

Name the static antibiotics

A

Remember: mum, Tilly, laura, Sky, cuddle (all the girls cuddle)

Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Lincomysin
Sulphonamides
Chloramphenicol
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20
Q

All these drugs inhibit protein synthesis, except one. Which one? And what does it do?

A

Sulphonamides

It inhibits folic acid synthesis

21
Q

Which antibiotics MUST be avoided in rabbits and why?

A

Penicillin, cephlosporins, lincosamides and macrolides

Because they wipe out resident microorganisms therefore disrupt the normal floral

22
Q

What is baytril?

A

Enrofloxacin

It’s therefore cidal, effects DNA

23
Q

Baytril is licenced in all exotics. What else is licenced for rabbits and reptiles?

A

Rabbits:
Sulphatrim (trimethoprim and sulphameth)
Isathal (fucidic acid)
Tiacil (gentamyscin)

Reptiles:
Sulphatrim

24
Q

What abs are licenced in ferrets?

A

None

25
Q

Recap the drug cascade

A

Must use licenced drug for that animal and condition
If none, can use drug for same animal or same condition
If none, can use human med authorised in UK. Or drug from EU country authorised for food animals

26
Q

State an ab you have to be careful with in birds and why

A

Fluros

Because if given IM causes necrosis

27
Q

Reptiles are exothermic, why is this important to consider with drug admin

A

If they are kept at the wrong temp they metabolise drugs differently

28
Q

Which abs do you need to be careful with with reptiles and why?

A

Aminoglycosides

Because they causes nephrotoxicity

29
Q

What challenges surround analgesia in exotics

A

Hide pain
Reptiles metabolise depending on temp
Faster metabolic rates
Limited data

30
Q

Give an example of a pain scale used in exotics

A

Mouse grimace scale

31
Q

What things must you consider when administering analgesics

A

Will the procedure itself be painful?

Will it damage tissues?

32
Q

State some signs of pain

A

Inc HR, inc RR, dec vent, gut stasis, vomitting

33
Q

When should you give analgesic when it comes to procedures

A

Before it begins

34
Q

How do local anaesthetics work?

Give an example of one?

A

They block ion channels to prevent generation and conduction of pain impulses

Lidocaine (ok for birds, reptiles, rabbits and rodents)

35
Q

How do opioids work?

A

Block pain centrally by binding to opioid receptors - they are agonists!

36
Q

Why are opioids used with pre meds?

A

Allows us to use less anaesthetic (gas sparing effect)

37
Q

Give a positive and a negative with regards to opioids

A

Cause CV and resp suppression

Some can be reversed

38
Q 
Which opioid (receptor against) best in following species:
Small rodents/dogs/cats?
Birds?
A

U agonists e.g. Morphine

K agonists e.g. Butorphanol

Think katie bird!!!!

39
Q

What do NSAIDS do?
Which is preferable 1 or 2??
Give an example of each

A

They inhibit cyclooxygenase in arachodonic pathway

Cox2 preferable as antiinflam
Cox1 protects GI function normally

E.g. 1= ketoprofen, 2= meloxicam

They are effective in birds, small mammals and reptiles

40
Q

How do corticosteroids work?

A

They have an anti inflammatory effect e.g. Preds, dexamethasone,

41
Q

Give some effects of long term use of glucocorticoids

A

Immune suppression
Dec wound healing
Inc infection

42
Q

Why are glucocorticoids not recommended for birds and reptiles

A

Because they cause immunosupression and therefore could predispose to Mycotic infections in the lungs

43
Q

What 4 things must a GA include

A

Loss of sensation
Loss of consciousness
Analgesia
Muscle relaxing

You need a combination of agents to achieve this

44
Q

Why do you need to be careful with the length of ET tube used IN BIRDS

A

There trachea narrows distally

45
Q

Why do rabbits require LA spray before incubating?

A

Prone to larygospasm

46
Q

Why should you premed rabbits first and tube them asap?

A

Because they breath hold and can become hypoxic

47
Q

Induction can be injectable to inhaled. Maintainence must be via ET tube, using mapleson F for reptiles as need to ventilate and this circuit has lowest resistance.

Isoflurane is safe for all, but why is sevoflurane preferred?

A

Less respiratory irritant and arguably safer

48
Q

If a bird is in dorsal recumbency during GA what must we do?

A

Perform IPPV as pectoral weight and abdominal weight crushes lungs

Year 2 Exotics (7 decks)

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