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Transition > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of drugs with a broad therapeutic window

A

Benzodiazepines

Penicillins

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2
Q

ED50 is the…

A

median effective dose

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3
Q

TD50 is the…

A

Median toxic dose

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4
Q

LD50 is the…

A

Median Toxic dose

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5
Q

Drug A reaction which modifies the concentration of drug B when it is at its site of action is a…

A

pharmacokinetic drug reaction

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6
Q

Drug A reaction that modifies effects of drug B without altering its concentration in tissue fluid is a…

A

Pharmacodynamic drug reaction

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7
Q

What does penile erection depend on?

A

NO release from nitrergic nerves and endothelial cells

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8
Q

What effect does NO has one penile tissue?

A

Increase in cGMP to increase blood flow

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9
Q

Which chemical terminates NO action?

A

PDE5

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10
Q

Why does fluconazole increase warfarin action?

A

Inhibits P450 enzyme which metabolises Warfarin

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11
Q

What may cause impaired drug metabolism?

A

Decreased enzyme metabolising capacity

Decreased liver blood flow

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12
Q

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Deterioration of brain function a/w severe liver disease

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13
Q

Which drugs may worsen ascites?

A

NSAIDs

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14
Q

Creatinine clearance of <10ml/min indicates….

A

Severe renal impairment

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15
Q

Creatinine clearance of 10-20ml/min indicates….

A

Moderate renal impairment

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16
Q

Creatinine clearance of 20-50ml/min indicates….

A

Mild renal impairment

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17
Q

What occurs in phase I of drug metabolism?

A

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis

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18
Q

What is the aim of phase I drug metabolism?

A

Makes drug more polar

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19
Q

What is involved in phase II drug metabolism?

A

Conjugation

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20
Q

Where do phase II drug reactions occur?

A

Mostly in the liver

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21
Q

What is glucuronidation?

A

Reaction involving the transfer of glucuronic acid to atoms of a substrate

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22
Q

Which endogenous substances are subject to glucuronidation?

A

Bilirubin

Adrenal corticosteroids

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23
Q

Which toxic metabolite of paracetamol is produced in overdose?

A

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine

24
Q

Which three processes are involved in renal excretion of drugs?

A

Glomerular filtration
Active tubular secretion
Passive reabsorption

25
Q

What is the average glomerular filtration rate in a healthy adult?

A

120m/min

26
Q

Which transporter handles basic drugs?

A

Organic cation transporter

27
Q

Which transporter handles acidic drugs?

A

Organic anion transporter

28
Q

Give examples of acidic drugs

A

Penicillin, probenecid, acetazolamide, thiazides, uric acid

29
Q

Give examples of basic drugs

A

Triamterene, morphine, amiloride

30
Q

Which type of drug is furosemide?

A

Loop diuretic

31
Q

What is k(e) ?

A

The elimination rate constant - the amount of drug eliminated from the body per unit time

32
Q

Aldosterone causing Na+ to be….

A

Reabsorbed

33
Q

How are half life and k(e) related?

A

t(1/2) = 0.693/k(e)

34
Q

How doe Ramipril affect potassium?

A

Causes hyperkalaemia due to decreased aldosterone secretion

35
Q

How does furosemide affect potassium?

A

Causes hypokalaemia

36
Q

At a steady state…

A

Rate of administration = rate of elimination

37
Q

Ramipril causes venoconstriction true/false

A

False

It causes venous and arterial dilation

38
Q

Which enzyme metabolises clopidogrel?

A

P450

39
Q

Clopidogrel cannot be used with which PPI?

A

Omeprazole

40
Q

Which enzyme does copidogrel inhibit?

A

CYP2C19 isoenzyme

41
Q

How is allopurinol excreted?

A

Renally

42
Q

How is simvastatin metabolised?

A

Hepatically

But stop in renal impairment

43
Q

How is omeprazole metabolised?

A

Almost completely hepatic

44
Q

How many half lives does it take to achieve steady state?

A

5

45
Q

Zero order kinetics describes drugs which are excreted at a….

A

Constant rate

46
Q

How is LD calculated?

A

LD = ( Vd * target dose / bioavailability ) * weight

47
Q

What does Sildenafil inhibit?

A

PDE-5

48
Q

Which medications have a tendency to cause gout?

A

Loop diuretics

49
Q

How does furosemide enter the renal tubules?

A

OATs in the proximal tubule

50
Q

Why does furosemide cause gout?

A

Furosemide and urate compete for the same transporter in the nephron

51
Q

Grapefruit juice cannot be consumed with which medication?

A

Statins

52
Q

How many days before surgery does Warfarin need to be stopped?

A

5 days

53
Q

What can be given within 8 hours of paracetamol overdose?

A

IV N-acetylcysteine

54
Q

What can given with 2 hours of paracetamol overdose?

A

Activated charcoal

55
Q

Which molecule in the body can inactivate NAPBQI?

A

GSH (glutathione)

56
Q

What can be given to counteract hypotension after spinal anaesthesia?

A

Ephedrine

Transition (6 decks)

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