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NCLEX > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride

A

Urinary analgesic

Turns urine red-orange

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2
Q

Acetylcysteine

A

Nebulized to loosen respiratory secretions.

Can cause or worsen bronchospasm.

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3
Q

Aspart insulin

A

Rapid-acting insulin

Onset 10-15min (EAT right away)
Peak 30m-3h

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4
Q

Erythropoietin

A

To increase RBC count if <10mg/dl

Check BP before giving (HTN!!)

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5
Q

Digoxin

A

Given to increase cardiac contraction strength

Hold if HR <60 in adult, <70 in older child, <90-110 in infants/littles
Don’t mix with food/liquids
Don’t give another dose if it’s vomited or missed
Give water or brush teeth after giving

NVD, vision changes, neuro changes can = toxicity. Notify MD.

Excreted by kidneys. If kidneys are compromised, monitor closely.

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6
Q

Benzodiazepines (-olam)

A

Anti-anxiety

Take at bedtime.
Don’t stop abruptly.

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7
Q

Ziprasidone hydrochloride

A

Atypical antipsychotic. Also used for acute agitation.

Monitor for QT prolongation (can lead to TdP)
Monitor for hypotension 
Monitor for seizures
Check ECG 
Check K+
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8
Q

Atropine SL drops

A

Anticholinergic to help manage excess secretions.

Helps with “death rattle”

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9
Q

Filgrastim, pegfilgrastim

A

To increase neutrophil count

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10
Q

Isoniazid

A

For latent TB infection

Avoid alcohol
Take B6 to prevent neuropathy
Avoid aluminum-containing antacids (w/in 1h of taking)
Report changes in vision
Report s/s of hepatotoxicity or neuropathy

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11
Q

Clozapine

A

Antipsychotic

Can decrease neutrophils (agranulocytosis) = infection risk
Can cause seizures

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12
Q

ACE inhibitors (-pril)

A

Treats HTN, slows heart failure

Angioedema*
Common to have persistent dry cough (provider may switch to ARB)
Orthostatic hypotension
Can increase K+

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13
Q

Allopurinol

A

Treats gout

Rash** (SJS)
Take with full glass of water to decrease kidney stone risk
Take with food (nausea)

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14
Q

Triotropium, Ipratropium, Benztropine

A

Anticholinergic - inhaled (don’t swallow capsules)

Ipratropium: instant relief
Triotropium: long-term
Suck on sugar-free candies for dry mouth

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15
Q

Vancomycin

A

High-powered IV antibiotic

Nephrotoxicity*
Max 20 mg/dL

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16
Q

Dabigatran (similar - apixaban, rivaroxaban)

A

Reduces the risk of clots

Caution - bleeding possible (avoid NSAIDS: indomethacin, ibuprofen, meloxicam)

Don’t remove from their original container (moisture = problem)

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17
Q

Sumatriptan

A

Treats migraines by constricting blood vessels

Don’t use if pt has Coronary artery disease, HTN (can cause MI or hypertensive emergency)

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18
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Treats GERD, anti-emetic

Extrapyramidal reactions
Tardive Dyskinesia

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19
Q

Tetracycline (and other -cyclines)

A 
Empty stomach
No dairy products/antacids
Full glass of water
Wear sunblock
Additional contraception needed
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20
Q

IV potassium (KCL)

A

To correct hypokalemia

Rate: 5-10mEq/hour in a peripheral IV
NEVER IV push
Slow rate if irritation/burning at site
Assess site every hour

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21
Q

Lithium

A

Mood stabilizer

Therapeutic range 0.6-1.2
Consistent fluid every day (avoid DEHYDRATION)
Sufficient sodium
Toxic: early NVD… later, tremor, neuro problems

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22
Q

Isotretinoin

A

Acne medication

Birth Defects (2 forms of contraception!!), must pass 2 pregnancy tests.

SJS
Suicide
Vitamin A toxicity
NO blood donation (d/t birth defects)
NO tetracycline (increased ICP)
Sunblock

Common to have dry eyes, mouth, skin.
Take with over 8+ oz water

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23
Q

Ethambutol

A

For TB (used in combination)

Can cause eye damage

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24
Q

Abciximab, Eftifibatide, Tirofiban

A

Prevent clots (used in PCI)

Serious bleeding risk
Monitor CBC, ECG, BP

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25
Statins
Reduces cholesterol Take with evening meal or at bedtime Rhabdomyolysis* - report muscle aches or weakness - report significantly elevated CK level Hepatotoxicity (monitor LFTs)
26
Diltiazem
Calcium Channel Blocker -can reduce Ventricular rate Watch for lowered BP, lowered HR
27
Rivaroxiban, Apixaban
Anticoagulant Bleeding Risk
28
Insulin pump
Still need to take blood sugars multiple times daily (unless closed-loop pump) Must have full mental capacity
29
Protamine Sulfate
Antidote for Heparin
30
Vitamin K
Antidote for warfarin
31
Warfarin
Anticoagulant Affects INR: therapeutic is 1.5-2x control value
32
Heparin
Anticoagulant Affects aPTT (not INR). Should be 1.5-2x the control value.
33
Tricyclics (amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine, imipramine)
Neuropathic pain, depression Orthostatic hypotension Anticholinergics Caution when driving (drowsiness/confusion) Photosensitivity (sunblock, sunglasses)
34
Metronidazole
Treats certain infections Abstain completely from alcohol until 3 days after treatment is done. Metallic taste in mouth (common) Dark/brown urine (common) SJS
35
Oxybutynin
Anticholinergic (for overactive bladder) Can cause heat intolerance because it keeps you from sweating. Careful in hot weather or with activity.
36
Nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine, nicardipine
Calcium channel blockers Vasodilate to treat HTN, CSA Dizziness* OH* Peripheral edema (elevate legs, compression) Prevent constipation
37
Sucralfate
Protects GI tract Take on empty stomach with no other medications Constipation is common
38
Dicyclomine
Anticholinergic/antispasmodic Decreases intestinal motility, other anticholinergic symptoms. Don’t take with paralytic ileus. Don’t take with urinary retention (300ml = urge, 500ml = pain) Don’t take with closed-angle glaucoma Don’t take with BPH
39
IV immunoglobulin for Kawasaki disease
Given to prevent coronary artery aneurysms.
40
Selegiline
MAO inhibitor 2 weeks between any other serotonin-type med
41
Amiodarone
Antiarrythmic Very dangerous: Pulmonary toxicity** (dry cough, dyspnea, chest pain)
42
Aspirin
Tinnitus is first sign of ASA toxicity
43
Esomeprazole, Omeprazole, Pantoprazole
PPIs Decrease absorption of calcium and can lead to osteoporosis. Can lead to pneumonia (d/t suppressed acid = suppressed defense)
44
Contraceptives
Mnemonic: ACHES ``` Abdominal pain (ischemic bowel) Chest pain (PE, MI) Headaches (Stroke) Eye problems (retinal probs) Severe leg pain (DVT) ```
45
Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab)
Immunosuppression* | Infection*
46
Levothyroxine
For hypoactive thyroid Dose based on TSH levels (if TSH is too high, dose needs to be increased) Take in morning on empty stomach Watch for s/s of excess hormone (tachycardia/palpitations, weight loss, insomnia)
47
Phenytoin
TI 10-20 Tube feedings should be stopped before and after (1-2h) - decreases absorption and can precipitate seizures. SJS Early Toxicity: gait unsteadiness, horizontal nystagmus Always taper Gingival hyperplasia (don’t d/c - just dental care)
48
Carbidopa-levodopa
Treats bradykinesia in Parkinson’s patients (Expect improvement in spontaneous activity - does not improve memory!) OH* Hallucinations/confusion* Never stop suddenly!
49
Rifapentine (similar to rifampin)
Antitubercular Need non-hormonal birth control Take with meals LFTs every month: hepatotoxic Orange secretions
50
Hypokalemia symptoms?
Muscle cramps Weakness Parathesias (Eventually, arrythmias/paralysis) Worry with furosemide, bumetanide
51
Sulfa medications (trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, sulfasalazine, etc)
Can cause kidney injury (water!) ``` Photosensivity Folic acid deficiency (supplement!) Agranulocytosis/leukopenia SJS Orange urine & skin ```
52
Hydrocortisone Therapy (for Addison’s disease)
``` Don’t discontinue abruptly Infection is a high risk Stress can decrease cortisol levels! Hyperglycemia is common SE May degrade bone May cause cataracts (yearly eye appt) Take with food ```
53
Antagonist for Warfarin? What lab value do you reference?
Vitamin K INR 2-3
54
Antagonist for Heparin? What lab value do you reference?
Protamine Sulfate aPTT: 46-70 standard range
55
-sartan
ARBs Pregnancy XXX
56
Drugs that cause orthostatic hypotension
``` Anti-HTN meds Antipsychotics Antidepressants Diuretics Vasodilators Narcotics ```
57
Methotrexate
Used as an immune system suppressant in RA Risk for infection (no live vaccines, avoid crowded places) Thrombocytopenia (bleeding risk) Pregnancy XXX for at least 3 months after discontinuing Avoid alcohol - hepatotoxic NV common Avoid caffeine, folic acid
58
Magnesium normal range
1.5-2.5
59
Phosphate normal range
2.4-4.4
60
Linezolid
Antibiotic with MAO properties ``` No tyramine, No SSRIs (can resume 24h after d/c) ```
61
-Olol, -ilol
Beta blockers Avoid with asthma - can cause bronchoconstriction
62
Ibuprofen
Avoid with kidney damage Avoid with Nasal polyps This, ASA and other NSAIDS can exacerbate asthma
63
Antibiotics and Vitamin K
Antibiotics kill the bacteria that produce vitamin K - can lead to vitamin K deficiency (Taking warfarin with antibiotics might require an adjustment)
64
IV opioid peak effect?
15-30m later (to assess pain)
65
Methadone
Early toxicity = nausea/vomiting and lethargy Monitor RR, SpO2 and ECG
66
Enoxaparin
coagulation studies are not monitored. Just a periodic CBC (to r/o hidden bleeding)
67
Allergy immunotherapy injections
Small doses of allergens injected to decrease reactivity Can have anaphylactic response - monitor for 30m after injection Given every week for a few months, then every few months for up to 5 years. Possible to have a systemic allergic reaction up to 24h after. Redness/swelling at site is ok.
68
ALT therapeutic range
10-40
69
Clonidine
Anti-hypertensive (highly potent!) Don’t stop abruptly! Dizziness, drowsiness are side effects, change positions slowly to prevent falls.
70
NSAIDs that must be avoided in CKD
Ibuprofen Indomethacin Naproxen Ketorolac Also, only ever take 1 NSAID at a time
71
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
Kayexelate - treats hyperkalemia Risk for intestinal necrosis if constipated, etc. Risk for hypokalemia Risk for hypervolemia (makes you retain sodium, water follows) watch for crackles, JVD, edema +daily weights and I/O
72
Fondaparinux
Anticoagulant. Used for DVT and PE Don’t give while an epidural catheter is still in place - bleeding risk, spinal cord compression! Wait until at least 6h after surgery
73
IV Furosemide
Ototoxic, especially in renal dysfunction No more than 4mg/min
74
Normal creatinine range
0.6-1.3
75
Terazosin
Alpha-blocker Used in BPH to treat urinary retention Take at bedtime, OH precautions Avoid -afils
76
Misoprostol
Contraindicated if: - already receiving oxytocin - history of c/s - abnormal FHR or more than 5 contractions in 10min. Oral or Vaginal for labor induction. (Rectal for postpartum hemorrhage)
77
Macrolide antibiotics: Azithromycin, Erythromycin, clarithromycin
Risk for prolonged QT interval - monitor ECG - don’t use with anything else that prolong QT interval (amiodarone, sotalol, haloperidol, Ziprasidone, azolve antifungals) Monitor LFTs: hepatotoxic NV can be side effects
78
Azathioprine
Immunosuppressant used in IBDs Causes bone marrow depression = risk for infection Watch for leukopenia, malaise
79
DM2 drugs -glitazone root
Low risk for hypoglycemia (improve insulin sensitivity) Can Worsen heart failure (fluid retention) - fluid overload is a contraindication. Bladder cancer risk
80
Insulin and potassium levels
If potassium is low and you’re giving insulin, check with the HCP - might need supplemental potassium to prevent cardiac dysrhythmias

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