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Alimentary > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What do antacids do ?

A

Neutralise stomach acid

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2
Q

What do antacids contain ?

A

Magnesium

Aluminium

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3
Q

Give an example of an antacid ?

A

Maalox

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4
Q

What do H2 receptors do ?

A

The histamine receptor H2 is an integral membrane protein and stimulates gastric acid secretion. They block this receptor.

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5
Q

Give an example of a H2 receptor antagonist ?

A

Ranitidine

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6
Q

What do PPI’s do ?

A

They are protein pump inhibitors so suppress acid production.

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7
Q

Give an example of a PPI ?

A

Omeprazole

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8
Q

What type of therapy are PPI’s used in regularly ?

A

Triple therapy

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9
Q

What are the 3 drug classes that affect motility ?

A

Anti-emetics
Anti-spasmodics
Anti-motilities

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10
Q

How do anti-emetics work ?

A

They increase gastric emptying and gut motility

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11
Q

How do anti-spasmodics work ?

A

They inhibit smooth muscle contraction and reduce number of spasms.

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12
Q

What are anti-spasmodics regularly used to treat ?

A

IBS

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of laxative ?

A

Bulking
Osmotic
Stimulant
Softeners

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14
Q

How do Bulking laxatives work ?

A

Bulk-forming laxatives work by increasing the “bulk” or weight of poo, which in turn stimulates your bowel.

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15
Q

How do Osmotic laxatives work ?

A

Osmotic laxatives draw water from the rest of the body into your bowel to soften poo and make it easier to pass.

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16
Q

How do Stimulant laxatives work ?

A

These stimulate the muscles that line your gut, helping them to move poo along to your back passage.

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17
Q

How to Softener laxative work ?

A

This type of laxative works by letting water into poo to soften it and make it easier to pass.

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18
Q

What are the different drug classes that are used in IBD ?

A
  • SASA’s
  • Steroids
  • Thiopurine/azathioprine
  • Methotrexate
  • Biologics
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19
Q

What is the main side effect of 5ASA’s ?

A

Renal impairment

20
Q

What problems can corticosteroids cause ?

A

Weight gain
Increase infection risk
Osteoporosis
Nausea

21
Q

What are the problems associated with immunosuppressants ?

A

Increase lymphoma risk
Hepatotoxicity
Pancreatitis

22
Q

How do biologics work ?

A

Biologics work by targeting a specific piece of your malfunctioning immune system, trying to stop just that one part from acting out.

23
Q

What do biologics prevent the action of ?

A

TNF alpha

24
Q

What is TNF alpha ?

A

Key cytokine in the immune response

25
Q

What is UDCA used to treat ? (2)

A

Gallstones

PBC

26
Q

How does UDCA work ?

A

Inhibits the enzymes that form cholesterol

27
Q

What else can be used to reduce bile levels ?

A

Bile acid sequestrates

28
Q

How do bile acid sequestrates work ?

A

They make bile salts insoluble

29
Q

Which two drugs are used to treat diarrhoea ?

A

Opioids and Immodium

30
Q

How do drugs that treat diarrhoea work ?

A

Reduce smooth muscle contraction and increase anal sphincter tone.

31
Q

What is peppermint oil (drug class) ?

A

CCB

32
Q

What is peppermint oil used to treat ?

A

IBS - decreases spasms and increase calcium requirement for contraction of smooth muscle

33
Q

How do immunosuppressants work ?

A

Prevent purine formation and so reduced immune cell proliferation

34
Q

What are the contraindications for biologics ? (3)

A

TB or other serious infection
Pregnancy
MS

35
Q

What might bile acid sequestrates reduce the levels of ?

A

Vit K or other fat soluble drugs

36
Q

What are the 4 steps of processing that take place ? (ADEM)

A

Absorption
Distribution
Excretion
Metabolism

37
Q

What factors can affect absorption ? (3)

A

pH, transit time, gut length

38
Q

Low levels of which protein can affect distribution ?

A

Albumin

39
Q

What changes metabolism ?

A

Gut bacteria, liver enzymes, disease

40
Q

What problems can NSAID’s cause ?

A

Reduce blood flow
Impair platelet aggregation
Fluid retention

41
Q

What is liver disease classified using ?

A

Child-Pugh score

42
Q

How is Child-Pugh score used ?

A 
A = <7 
B = 7-9 
C = >9
43
Q

Which two drugs increase sedation in patients with liver disease and result in encephalopathy if not controlled ?

A

Opioids and benzodiazepines

44
Q

What are Benzodiazepines used for ?

A

Benzodiazepines act as a sedative – slowing down the body’s functions – and are used for both sleeping problems and anxiety.

45
Q

Which drugs cause nephrotoxicity ?

A

Aminoglycosides

46
Q

Which drugs can be used to enhance responses to other drugs ?

A

Loop diuretics

47
Q

Which two drugs cause hepatotoxicity ?

A

Paracetamol and methotrexate

Alimentary (12 decks)

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