give 2 examples of local anaesthetics?
. lignocaine
. prilocaine
what effect do vasoconstrictors in LA have?
reduces blood flow, slowing rate of absorption sonf prolonging anaesthetic effect
list 3 classes of antimicrobials
. antibiotc
. antiviral
. antifungal
name a systemic oral antibiotic
. amoxicillin
name an antiviral?
acyclovir
name an anti fungal
nystatin
which 2 classes of drugs can be used reduce inflammation?
NSAIDs
corticosteroids
what does anti-pyretic mean?
reduces fever
what does analgesic mean?
reduces pain
what is the dose for paracetamol?
1g 4x per day
name 3 NSAIDs
. ibuprofen
. aspirin
. diclofenac
aspirin is a derivative of what?
salicilic acid
ibuprofen is a derivative of what?
propanoic acid
how do NSAIDs reduce inflammation?
. inhibit prostaglandins synthesis by blocking COX enzymes
. this changes the balance of PGE1 and PGE2
what is the dose for aspirin
300-600mg 4x daily
which enzyme does aspirin inhibit?
COX1
inhibiting COX1 has what effects?
. reduced synthesis of protoglandins
. reduced inflammatory mediators
. anti-pyrexic (reduce fever)
list some side effects of aspirin
. gastric irritation . inhibition of platelet function . bronchospasm . allergy . drug interactions
which has fewer side effects, aspirin or ibuprofen?
ibuprofen
describe the action of ibuprofen?
. blocks COX1
. this causes reduced synthesis of protoglandins, reduced inflammatory mediators, anti-pyrexic (reduce fever) (same as aspirin)
name an NSAID given by prescription?
diclofenac
what is the dose for ibuprofen?
200-600mg 3x daily
what is diclofenac dose?
50mg 3x daily
how do corticosteroids reduce inflammation?
. decrease capillary permeability
. form bradykinins (inflammatory mediators)
. migration of WBC
give some examples of topical corticosteroids
. steroid inhalers
. hydrocortisone cream
. mouth ulcer treatment
give examples of systemic corticosteroids
. prednisolone (prevent transplant rejection)
. dexamethasone (injection to reduce swelling after surgery)
name some side effects of systemic corticosteroids
. high BP . weight gain . gastric ulceration . adrenal suppresion . osteoperosis . diabetes
name some drugs used in sedation
. benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolain)
. nitrous oxide gas
by what mechanism do sedation drugs work by?
make neurotransmitter GABA work over time
what is a drug?
external substance that acts on living tissues to produce a measurable change in the function of that tissue
compare the meaning of effects and side effects?
. effects - what u want
. side effects - what u don’t want
which type of drug reduces anxiety?
anxiolytics
compare hormone messages and neural messages
.hormone messages - sens general info to ALL tissues
. neural messages - targeted info too SPECIFIC tissues
what is the function of thyroid hormones?
balance bodys metabolism
. regulate heat
. control mental ability
. slow pulse rate and BP
too much thyroid hormone causes?
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism is caused by?
too little thyroid hormone
name the 2 thyroid hormones
T3 and T4
what do thyroxine tablets replace?
T3 and T4
which nervous systems come under the ANS?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
which hormone is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
adrenaline
which hormone is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
how does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?
releases adrenaline which acts on beta-receptors (adrenergic receptors) to increase heart rate - adrenergic stimulation
how does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?
releases acetylcholine which acts on cholinergic receptors to decrease heart rate
what effect do beta agonists have?
relax muscles of the airways, which widen the airways and result in easier breathing
which drugs have the opposite effects to beta agonists?
beta blockers
which hormone do beta blockers inactivate?
adrenaline
what clinical effect do beta blockers have?
reduce BP
give an example of a beta blocker?
atenolol
give an example of a cholinergic blocker?
atropine
what do cholinergic blockers do?
increase heart rate
drugs work by acting on which 3 things?
receptors, enzymes or ion channels
how do agonists work?
bind to receptor causing effect
how do partial agonists work?
bind to and activate receptor but only having partial efficacy at receptor
which 2 types of antagonists are there?
competitive and non-competitive
how can the effects of a reversible antagonist be reduced?
increasing concentration of antagonist
what do harsh agonists do?
cause some of response but not all
what is the term used to describe how long the agonist/antagonist are bound to the receptor?
occupancy
which term is used to describe how effective a drug is?
efficacy
compare an agonist to an antagonist?
agonists bind causing a response whereas antagonists bind blocking a response
give an example of a class of drug which works by its effect on ion channels?
LA
what 3 ways may drugs act?
. receptors on cells
. influence enzyme action
. disruption of ion conduction channels
what is pharmacokinetics?
what drugs do to the body
what is pharmacodynamics?
what the body does to drugs
name 5 routes of drug administration?
.oral .IV .intramusclar .subcutaneous .inhalation
give an advantage of oral administration of drugs
socially acceptable
give some disadvantages of oral administration of drugs
. slow onset
. variable absorption
. gastric acid may destroy drug
. first pass metabolism
which feature can increase the length of time an oral administrated drug will work?
coating
all blood from the GI tract drains to which vein
hepatic portal
hepatic portal veins drains into what structure?
liver
during first pass metabolism, the liver may activate or inactivate the drug, how may u overcome the effects of inactivation?
give more drug via the oral route
why must orally administered drug doses be reduced in patents with liver damage?
liver is not fully functioning and so less drug will be absorbed during first pass metabolism
what are the advantages of delivering drugs by non-oral routes?
. predictable plasma levels
. no fist pass metabolism
. works quicker
what are the disadvantages of delivering drugs by non-oral routes?
. allergic reactions more severe
. self medication difficult
. drug cost is higher
what is bioavailability in relation to a drug?
proportion of injected drug that is available for clinical effect
how may drugs be excreted?
. renal - urine . liver - bile . lungs - exhaled gas . saliva . sweat
most drugs are excreted via which route?
renal