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biological and medical sciences 2 > respiratory medicine > Flashcards

respiratory medicine Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

inhalers are absorbed by which drug administration route?

A

topically

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2
Q

which 2 drugs may be used to improve airway patency?

A

bronchodilators

any-inflammatory

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3
Q

give 2 examples of bronchodilators

A

beta 2 agonists

anticholinergics

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4
Q

which 2 drugs may be given to prevent mast cell degradation?

A

chromoglycate

leukotriene receptor agonists

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5
Q

name 2 respiratory depressants

A

benzodiazepine

opioids

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6
Q

what is the main problem with a puffer?

A

high velocity suspension so not all medication makes it to the airway

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7
Q

which two other devices may be used instead of a puffer to ensure more drug reaches the lungs?

A

turbohaler

spinhaler

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8
Q

what is the benefit of using a spacer with an inhaler?

A

makes it easier to get straight to the lugs as lower velocity

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9
Q

which device may be used to deliver medication to a patients having an asthma attack or unable to use their inhaler?

A

nebuliser

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10
Q

beta agonists can be categorised into 2 groups, what are these?

A

short acting and long acting

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11
Q

what colour of inhaler contains short acting beta antagonist?

A

blue

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12
Q

name a short acting beta agonists

A

salbutamol

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13
Q

what colour of inhaler contains a long acting beta agonist?

A

green

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14
Q

name a long acting beta agonist

A

salmeterol

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15
Q

how do beta agonists aid breathing?

A

they dilate the lungs

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16
Q

compare short acting and long acting beta agonists

A

short (blue) - works a couple mins and effects last 4-6 hours
long (green) - works in an hour and effects last 12-15 hours

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17
Q

which type of beta agonist is used to TREAT bronchial constriction?

A

short acting

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18
Q

which type of beta agonist is used to PREVENT bronchial construction?

A

long acting

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19
Q

how may short acting beta agonists be administered?

A

inhaled
iv
orally

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20
Q

how may long acting beta agonists be administered?

A

inhaled

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21
Q

anticholinergics inhibit which receptors?

A

muscarinic

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22
Q

how do anticholinergics aid breathing?

A

cause bronchial dilation

reduce mucus secretion

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23
Q

how do corticosteroids aid breathing?

A

reduce inflammation in bronchial walls

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24
Q

most asthmatics take two different types of inhaler, what are these?

A

beta agonist and corticosteroid

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25
what colours may corticosteroid inhalers be?
brown orange pink
26
is a patient is using a orange or pink inhaler do they have mild or severe asthma?
severe
27
do patients using blue and brown inhalers have mild or severe asthma?
mild
28
asthmatics that can't be trusted to take both inhalers are given compound preparations, what do these contain?
inhaled steroid and long acting beta agonist
29
how does chromocglycate stop asthma?
it is a mast cell stabiliser | mast cell degranulation causes asthma and chromoglycate stops it
30
what 2 types of cough are there?
dry and productive
31
compare a dry cough and a productive cough
dry - doesn't produce anything | productive - produces something (sputum)
32
what is a wheeze?
an expiratory noise on breathing out
33
what is a stridor?
inspiratory noise on breathing in (indicative of blockage to airway)
34
stress when breathing or uncomfortable breathing is known as?
dyspnoea
35
name some respiratory symptoms?
``` cough wheeze stridor dyspnoea pain ```
36
name some respiratory signs
``` chest movement with respiration rate of respiration air entry vocal resonance percussion note ```
37
what respiratory examination scan you carry out?
``` sputum examination CXR - chest radiograph pulmonary fucntnion - PEFR, FEV1 bronchoscopy VQ scan ```
38
name a respiratory infection?
pneumonia
39
name some respiratory diseases which result in airflow obstruction
asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) restrictive pulmonary exchange
40
which is more destructive, asthma or COPD?
COPD
41
is asthma reversible or irreversible?
reversible
42
asthma results in a triad of ..
- muscle constriction - mucosal oedema - increased mucous secretion
43
how fast you can push air out your lungs is known as?
peak flow
44
what may trigger asthma ?
infection environmental stimuli (smoke, dust, chemical) cold air atopy
45
describe what is meant by the biphasic asthma response?
if u survive early asthma attack and get better, 6hrs later you get worse
46
how do you prevent the biphasic response to an asthma attack?
give beta agonists and corticosteroids to prevent 2nd attack
47
name 6 types of respiratory drug
``` beta adrenergic agonist anticholinergics corticosteroids leukotriene inhibitors cromones theophylline ```
48
anticholinergics work well for which respiratory condition?
COPD
49
which drug is in blue/green inhalers?
beta-adrenergic agonist
50
when are theophyllines used?
sever asthma
51
what drug is in brown inhalers?
corticosteroids
52
which colour inhaler is completely preventative?
brown
53
COPD includes which 2 conditions?
``` chronic bronchitis (long term inflammation of airway) emphysema (damage to air sacs/alveoli) ```
54
which classification system is used for COPD nd how many classes are there?
GOLD - 4 classes
55
what may cause COPD?
smoking environmental lung damage hereditary (emphysema)
56
how is COPD managed?
``` smoking cessation long acting bronchodilators inhaled steroid O2 support pulmonary rehab therapy ```
57
what serious condition may COPD result in ?
repertory failure
58
compare type 1 and 2 respiratory failure
type 1 - low O2 and normal CO2 (hypoxaemia) | type 2 - normal O2 and high CO2 (hypercapnia)
59
failure of oxygenation is known as?
hypoxaemia
60
failure of ventilation is known as?
hypercapnia
61
which is only found in acute respiratory failure, hypoxaemia or hypercapnia?
hypercapnia
62
inhaled steroids have what oral consequence ?
candida risk
63
cystic fibrosis is caused by a change in the gene x on chromosome y
``` x = CFTR gene y = chromosome 7 ```
64
is the cystic fibrosis gene dominant or recessive?
recessive
65
cystic fibrosis causes a defect in which cell channel?
chloride channels
66
CF is a multisystem disease, which 2 organs are affected mostly?
lungs and pancreas
67
how is CF tested for?
perinatal testing - all children blood screened at birth | sweat test - CF patients have increased salt
68
list the main symptoms of CF
cough repeated chest infection prolonged diarrhoea poor weight gain
69
why do CF patients have poor nutrition?
they can't digest fat and absorb energy as there are no pancreatic enzymes to do it
70
what treatment options are there for CF?
physio medication excercise transplantation
71
physio is the main treatment for CF patients, how does this work?
movement means mucous can drain into the big airways where it can be coughed up
72
CF patients take medicine for lungs and digestive system, name these?
``` lungs - broncholdilators - antibiotics - steroids - dnase digestive system - pancreatic enzyme replacement nutritional supplements ```
73
how do bronchodilators aid CF?
open airway
74
why do CF patients take antibiotics?
reduce chest infection frequency
75
why do CF patients take steroids?
reduce airway inflammation
76
why do CF patients take dnase?
breakdown mucous
77
what is the benefit of CF patients exercising?
keep lung function optimal | build physical bulk and strength
78
what 2 organs do CF patients have transplanted?
heart and lungs
79
why do CF patients having transplants also get a heart transplant?
to increase chance of acceptance
80
name the most common type of lung tumour
squamous cell carcinoma
81
name the symptoms of a lung tumour
cough haemophysis (blood stained sputum) pneumonia dysphagia
82
a white area i a chest x-ray indicates what
fluid in lungs
83
do patients with lung cancer usually present early or late?
late
84
airway obstruction whilst asleep is know as?
sleep apnoea
85
the type of sleep apnoea where the brain doesn't tell the body to breath is know as?
central sleep apnoea
86
the type of sleep apnoea where the airway gets blocked when you sleep is known as ?
obstructive sleep apnoea
87
which of the 2 types of sleep apnoea is most common?
obstructive
88
what is the leading therapy for sleep apnoea?
CPAP (continious positive airway pressure)
89
name the mouth device used for sleep apnoea
MAD (mandibular advancement device)

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