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Pharmacology and Toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

Analgesics

A

Relieves pain (analgesia is the absence of sensation of pain)

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2
Q

Fentanyl (Sublimaze)

A

An opiate agonist (analgesic). Rapid acting - 90 secs, potent, lasts 30 min

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3
Q

Morphine

A

An opiate agonist (analgesic). Can cause euphoria, and assists in relaxing the heart during cardiac emergencies, which saves oxygen.

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4
Q

Non-opioid analgesics

A

OTC medications that can also be anti-pyretic. Ex: Aspirin, NSAIDS (Advil), Tylenol.

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5
Q

Opioid/Narcotic antagonists

A

Reverses effects of opiates. Competitively binds with receptors against agonists. Ex: Naloxone

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6
Q

Opioid/Narcotic agonist-antagonists

A

These can provide analgesia without affecting the respiratory system nor inducing dependancy or addiction.

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7
Q

Anaesthetics

A

Loses ability to feel sensations of touch or pain. Drawbacks: can affect respiratory, cardiovascular and CNS.

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8
Q

Systemic anaesthesia

A

General anaesthesia usually for surgery, inhaled.

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9
Q

Regional anaesthesia

A

Specific to a body part or extremity.

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10
Q

Local anesthesia

A

Localized anaesthesia to one spot only.

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11
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Sedative-hypnotics. Slows the brain down through sedation/sleep. Ex: Midazolam, Diazepam

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12
Q

Midazolam (Versed)

A

A benzodiazepine that is short lasting (30-60 mins), and has amnesic effects. Onset of 1-3 mins.

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13
Q

Diazepam (Valium)

A

A benzodiazepine that lasts longer (30-90 mins), onset of 5 mins.

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14
Q

Barbiturates

A

Similar to benzodiazepines; sedative-hypnotic. Uncommonly used these days.

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15
Q

Non-Barbiturate Hypnotics

A

Similar to both benzodiazepines and barbiturates but with less side effects mainly to the cardiovascular system. Ex: Propofol

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16
Q

Propofol (Diprivan)

A

A non-barbiturate hypnotic that rapidly acts in 5-15 seconds and lasts 3-5 minutes.

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17
Q

Anticonvulsants (Calcium Channel Blockers)

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A

Work to bring down hyperactivity of seizures through decreasing influx of sodium into cells (which propagate seizures), and reducing activity in calcium channels.

18
Q

Opioid/Narcotics

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A

An analgesic and euphoria causing downer. Symptoms can include pinpoint pupils (miosis), decreased respiratory drive, coma, hypoxia, drowsiness.

Ex: Fentanyl, morphine, heroin, hydromorphone

19
Q

Amphetamine

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A

A CNS stimulant. Releases dopamine and norepinephrine to increase attention and awareness (ADHD medicine). Can cause tachycardia, hypertension, and seizures.

20
Q

Antiemetics

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A

Reduces nausea. Ex: Gravol (Dimenhydrinate)

21
Q

Cholinergics

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A

(Parasympathomimetic) Acts like acetylcholine, activating the parasympathetic system. Excessive use may cause SLUDGEM (Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastric Upsets, Emesis, Miosis).

Fertilizers, insecticides, sarin gas, weapons of mass destruction

22
Q

Anti-cholinergics

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A

(Sympathomimetics) Disables cholinergic activity by binding to their nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Promotes stimulant symptoms indirectly.

23
Q

Atropine

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A

An anti-cholinergic. It decreases secretions, increases heart rate, dilates pupils, decreases GI activity.

24
Q

Diuretics

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A

Helps kidneys to remove excess salt and water.

25
Vasodilators
Dilates vessels. Ex: Nitroglycerin
26
Sympathetic Blocking Agents
Beta blockers, competitively binds with receptors against epinephrine to inhibit sympathetic reactions.
27
Calcium Channel Blockers
Anti-dysrhythmic and anti-hypertensive properties. Ex: Norvasc (amlodipine)
28
6 Rights
TRAMPD Time Route Amount Medication Person Documentation
29
Major Toxidromes
Stimulants Sympathomimetics Opioids/Narcotics Cholinergics Anticholinergics Sedative-Hypnotics
30
Stimulants
Activates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms can include hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, aggression, tachypnea, cardiac arrest, insomnia and general restlessness. Ex: Methamphetamine, Amphetamine, Cocaine
31
Stimulants
Activates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms can include dilated pupils, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, aggression, tachypnea, cardiac arrest, insomnia and general restlessness (tweaks and jitters). Ex: Methamphetamine, Amphetamine, Cocaine
32
Sympathomimetics
Directly activates sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms can include dilated pupils, tachycardia, agitation, seizures, hypertension and hyperthermia. Ex: Phenylephrine, methamphetamine, amphetamine
33
Cholinergics
Mimics the job of acetylcholine - the parasympathetic worker. Symptoms can include DUMBELS : diarrhea, urination, miosis and muscle weakness, bradycardia/bronchospasm, emesis, lacrimation, and salivation. Ex: Organophosphates, sarin gas
34
Anticholinergics
Indirectly promotes sympathetic activity by blocking muscarinic receptor sites in the parasympathetic system. Symptoms can include flushed skin, hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, dilated pupils, delirium/hallucinations. Ex: Atropine, antihistamines, antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants
35
Sedative-Hypnotics
Slows the brain down. Symptoms may include drowsiness, ataxia, slurred speech, hypotension, respiratory and CNS depression. Ex: Diazepam, alcohol
36
Alcohol Withdrawal
Sudden stop of alcohol intake in chronic drinkers. Symptoms can include agitation, vomiting, tachycardia, hypertension, and Delirium Tremens (extreme hallucinations).
37
Acetaminophen
Mild to moderate pain relief. Contraindications : Liver conditions Adults: 500-1000mg per 4 hours. Max 4000g. Pediatrics: <30kg : 15mg/kg 30-50kg : 500mg >50kg : 500-1000mg Max: 75mg/kg or 1000mg Toxicity symptoms are typically delayed days to 2 weeks by liver failure.
38
Ibuprofen
Mild to moderate pain relief. Contraindications : Bleeding, pregnancy Adults: 300-400mg PO per 6 hours. Max 1200mg. Pediatrics: 10mg/kg per 6 hours. Max 40mg/kg/day
39
Dimenhydrinate (Gravol)
- Anti-emetic Indications: Moderate to severe nasuea and vomiting Contraindications: Allergy to caffeine or Gravol Adults: 25-50mg IV/IM (12.5mg for frail or old) Pediatrics (12-16yo): 1.25mg/kg MAX 25mg
40
GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate)
CNS depressant. Odorless and colorless. Airway compromise, nausea, vomiting, decreased LOC, amnesia, *excitation*. Common use for date rape or getting high.
41
Marijuana
A psychoactive ingredient, THC, releases dopamine. Bronchodilation, tachycardia, drowsiness, blood-shot eyes.
42
Route of Toxic Exposure
Inhalation, Ingestion, Injection, Absorption

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