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Pharmacology Antibiotics and Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Are all antibiotics considered antimicrobials?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Is gram+ or gram- harder to treat and why?

A

Gram- because it has a outer membrane that makes it harder for drugs to penetrate

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3
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Only target bacteria, not human cells

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4
Q

What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics?

A

Bacteriostatic antibiotics only inhibit the growth of the bacteria and require the hosts immune system. Bactericidal kill the bacteria and don’t require the host immune system.

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5
Q

Two types of bactericidal antibiotics?

A

Concentration dependent and time dependent

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6
Q

What are the three considerations when selecting treatment for bacterial infection?

A
  • Bacteria factors(identity and susceptibility)
  • Host specific factors(allergies, renal function, etc.)
  • Drug specific factors(drug-drug interactions, route, etc.)
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7
Q

What are the two types of drug resistances and their differences

A

Innate-Drug never worked

Acquired-Something happened to cause the drug to stop working

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8
Q

What factors contribute to resistance?

A
  • Overuse/misuse
  • Don’t need or don’t complete full amount
  • International OTC
  • Use of antibiotics in livestock
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9
Q

Why is TB so hard to treat?

A

Once inhaled, it goes to alveoli and walls itself off from treatment

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10
Q

What are the symptoms for TB?

A

Fever, night sweats, malaise, weight loss

Pulm system: productive cough and pleuritic pain

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11
Q

TB treatment goals

A
  1. Contain infection
  2. Cure infection: 2 phases

Main take away: Intensive and long duration drug treatment

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12
Q

Side effects of TB drugs

A
  • liver and kidney issues
  • visual disturbances
  • CN8 damage (vestibulocochlear)
  • neurological symptoms
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13
Q

How is C-diff transmitted?

A

Fecal to Oral

Also occurs when normal flora is interrupted

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14
Q

C-diff symptoms?

A

watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever

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15
Q

C-diff precautions

A

Make sure to wear gloves and wash hands with soap and water, alcohol doesn’t work.

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16
Q

What drug can cause C-diff?

A

Lincosamide (Clindamysin)

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17
Q

What drug is used to treat C-diff?

A

Vancomysin (Glycopeptide)

Nitroimidazole (Metronidazole)

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18
Q

What are the side effects of nitroimidazole?

A

GI, metallic taste

less often:peripheral neuropathy

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19
Q

What is MRSA?

A

It is a bacteria that causes infection. Known as a “super-bug”.

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20
Q

What drug is used to treat MRSA?

A

linezolid

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21
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Lung infection

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22
Q

What can pneumonia be caused by?

A

Bacteria 30%
Viral 50%
Mycoplasmas 20%

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23
Q

Antibiotic of choice for pneumonia?

Study These Flashcards
A

Fluoroquinolone

24
Q

What are the AE of fluoroquinolone?

Study These Flashcards
A

GI, phototoxicity

TENDON RUPTURE

25
Viral Hepatitis Transmission? and Vaccine? A B C
A- fecal-oral B-blood, bodily fluids C-blood-borne A-Yes B-Yes C-No
26
Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) most common AE?
Fatigue, weakness, headache Also bradycardia in combo with amiodarone
27
HIV treatment
HAART | adherence is critical
28
HIV concerns
- oppertunistic infections | - handwashing and infection control are important
29
PT treatment for HIV
pain management
30
Rehab concerns for antiviral drugs?
- fatigue - myolosuppression causing anemia, reduced O2 uptake, and earlier lactic acidosis threshold Big picture: Monitor patient exercise tolernace with vital signs and get patient feedback with Borg Rating scale
31
Fungal infections also called what?
mycoses increased risk after antibacterial use
32
Most common antifungals
Polyenes and Azoles
33
Polyenes and azoles common AE?
N/V/D, nephro and hepatotoxicity
34
Types of vaccines and what they are?
- Inactivated / Killed pathogen - Subunit / Piece of the pathogen - Live attenuated / Weakened Pathogen - Toxoid / pathogen toxin instead of actual pathogen
35
Which type of vaccine should you avoid if you are immunosupressed?
Live attenuated (weakened pathogen)
36
At what point in the cell cycle can cancer interfere?
All points (G1,S,G2,M)
37
Difference between cell cycle specific (CCS) and cell cycle nonspecific (CCN) agents?
CCS agents work at a specific point in the cell cycle and are more effective on rapidly dividing tumors. CCN agents are working throughout the cell cycle (including G0) and work better on large, slow growing tumors.
38
Difference between neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy?
Neoadjuvant therapy is before primary care and adjuvant is after primary care.
39
Which cells does chemotherapy target?
All cells that arre actively dividing. | Bone marrow, GI tract and buccal mucosa, reproductive organs, hair follicles
40
What is Nadir?
10-28 days after chemotherapy when WBC count is at its lowest. Anticancer drugs are withheld at this point, may be given antibiotics.
41
What are the three types of cancer treatment and define them?
- Chemotherapy: drugs that inhibit growth and replication of cancer cells - Targeted therapy: damage cancer cells by blocking specific genes or proteins - Immunotherapy: hormones and drugs that use the immune system to treat cancer
42
Oral chemotherapy precautions
- Wear gloves when touching laundry or bodily fluids | - Extra caution in pregnancy
43
Why are chemo patients at an INCREASED RISK FOR FALLS? Cancer Impairements
- 50-75% of survivors experience a fall - CANCER RELATED FATIGUE - DECREASED COGNITION - PAIN - CIPN
44
Chemotherapeutic drug cycles and time of cycles?
6-8 cycles, given every 3 weeks
45
3 Cancer treament goals
- Cure: chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery - adjuvant therapy - neoadjuvant - Control: reduce new cancer growth - Palliation: cure nor control possible, focus on making patient comfortable
46
What antibiotic can cause C-diff and what antibiotic can treat it?
Clindomysin | Vancomysin
47
What two drug classes can cause hypersensitivity
Penacillins (Gram+ and -) | Cephalosporins
48
What are aminoglycosides AE?
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
49
tetracyclines important AE
photosensitivity
50
oxazolidinones AE
seretonin syndrome
51
What drug can cause tendon rupture
fluoroquinolones
52
What drugs can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Sulfonamide
53
Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs) most common AE
fatigue, weakness, headache can also cause Bradycardia in combi with amiodarone
54
How does HIV transmit to AIDS?
decrease in CD4 count
55
Which antifungal causes nephro and hepatotoxicity?
Polyenes
56
Which antifungal causes photophobia?
Azoles
57
Primary concern with antifungals?
Liver damage and kidney damage

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