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DPT > Physiology Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Physiology Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

ICU patients can lose up to _% every __ hours.

A

1% every 24 hours

The sooner they are mobilized, the less muscle mass lost

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2
Q

Difference between exercise and physical activity

A

Exercise is planned, structured, repetitive and purposeful activity.

Physical activity is any movement of the body that requires energy expenditure

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3
Q

7 functions of muscle

A
  • Produces body movement
  • Helps to maintain posture
  • Powers respiration
  • Produces body heat (shivering)
  • Communicates with other organs and organ systems
  • Constricts organs and blood vessels (smooth muscle)
  • Produces cardiac contraction (cardiac muscle)
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4
Q

What is contractility?

A

Ability of a muscle to shorten or attempt to shorten.

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5
Q

What is excitability?

A

Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus.

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6
Q

What is extensibility?

A

Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree

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7
Q

What is elasticity?

A

Ability of a muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched

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8
Q

What are contractures?

A

A condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints.

Too much internal scar tissue.

Reduces extensibility

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9
Q

Explain skeletal muscle

A
  • Attached to and causes bones to move
  • Multiple nuclei
  • Striated
  • Voluntary and involuntary
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10
Q

Explain cardiac muscle

A
  • Found in heart
  • Single central nucleus
  • Striated
  • Involuntary
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11
Q

What is a functional syncytium?

A

intercalated disks and gap junctions

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12
Q

Does every muscle cell in the heart have to be innervated?

A

No, but skeletal muscle cells do

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13
Q

Explain smooth muscle

A
  • Lines walls of hollow organs
  • Single nucleus
  • Lacks striation
  • Involuntary
  • Fatigue resistant
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14
Q

Does every smooth muscle cell have to be innervated?

A

No

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15
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

muscle changes length under a constant load

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16
Q

Concentric vs Eccentric

A

Conc- muscle shortens while contracting

Ecce- muscle lengthens while contracting

17
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Muscle length does not change while contracting

18
Q

What is an isokinetic contraction?

A

Muscle shortens at a constant speed

19
Q

Epimysium and perimysium

A

Epi- covers the surface of muscle and has a role in force transmission and insulation

Projects into muscle itself

Peri- divides the muscle fibers into functional groups called fascicles

Continuous with the epimysium

20
Q

Individual muscle fibers are surrounded by what?

A

Endomysium

21
Q

What is the endomysium connected to?

A

Basement membrane, which plays a role in force production

22
Q

What is the Myotendinous Junction?

A

Weak point in the muscles, where muscle connects to tendon

23
Q

Where is force generated?

A

By the cross-bridges in the sarcomere

Force is then transmitted to the costamere

24
Q

What happens with rigor mortus?

A

there is no ATP to release crossbridging and calcium ions cant be pumped out of the cell

25
Q

When does force production go down?

A

When thin filaments overlap, crossbridges cant attach to thick filament

26
Q

List the order in which force gets to the tendon.

A 
Sarcomere
Costomere
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Tendon
27
Q

Increased force production comes from what?

A

Increase in sarcomeres

28
Q

Difference between Type I and Type II muscle fibers

A

Type I- slow twitch, more mitochondria for aerobic

Type II- fast twitch, glucose storers for anaerobic capacity

29
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartoris

30
Q

What do the I,A and H band consist of

A

I band has the thin filaments only

A band contains thick filaments with some thin filament overlap

H band is within the A band and only has the thick filament

31
Q

What forms the boundary of a sarcomere?

A

Z disc

32
Q

Thick filaments are composed of?

Thin filaments are composed of?

A

Myosin

Actin

33
Q

What prevents myosin from binding at rest?

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

34
Q

General movement of AP to a muscle cell

A

L5S4
-Presynaptic nerve cell synapses with a muscle cell
-ACh is released and binds with receptors on motor end plate of muscle cell
-AP propogates down t-tubule
-Binds to a receptor in the tubule that induces the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Calcium seeks binding sites on thin filaments
Crossbridges can now bind to the thin filaments

35
Q

What reabsorbs calcium so crossbridges can relax?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

DPT (8 decks)

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