pharmacology chapter 2

Question 1

an acute condition caused by loss or absence of granulocyte wbc

Answer 1

agranulocytosis

Question 2

the process occurs from the time a substance enters the body to the time it enters the blood stream; to be circulated

Answer 2

absorption

Question 3

drugs that produce effect similar to those produced by naturally occuring hormones, neurotransmitter, and other substances

Answer 3

agonist

Question 4

drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites

Answer 4

antagonist

Question 5

the portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells

Answer 5

bioavailability

Question 6

also referred to as metabolism when drugs r altered from their original form into a new form by the body

Answer 6

biotransformation

Question 7

transport of drug molecules within the body after, injected,obsorbed into the bloodstream to tissues.to site of action metabolim, and excretion

Answer 7

distribution

Question 8

drugs or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the small intestine ,returned to the liver metabolized ,and eventually excreted in urine.

Answer 8

enterohepatic recirculation

Question 9

stimulate liver cells to produce larger amount of drugs -metabolizing enzymes accelerate drug metabolism because larger amounts of the enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger amounts of a drug to be metabolized during a given time.

Answer 9

enzyme inducting drugs

Question 10

inhibits production of drug-metabolizing enzymes and often occurs with concurrent administration of two or more drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes occurs within hours or days of starting an inhibiting agents

Answer 10

enzyme inhibiting drugs

Question 11

elimination of a drug from the body effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory system and of the organs of excretion (kindneys, bowel, lungs,and skin).

Answer 11

excretion

Question 12

initial meabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from intestine to the liver by the portal circulatory system prior to reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site od action

Answer 12

first - pass effects

Question 13

allergy,may occur with almost any drug it is unpredictable and unrelated to dose occurs in patients who have been previously exposed to the drug or a similar substance and who have seveloped antibodies ,drugs react with antibodies to cause cell damage and the release of histamine and other intracellular substance subsequently causing mild rash to anaphylactic shock

Answer 13

hypersensitivity

Question 14

abnormally low white blood cell count

Answer 14

leukopenia

Question 15

the rate at which cells burn energy

Answer 15

metabolism

Question 16

toxic or damage effects of a substance on the kindneys renal damage interferes with drugs excretions, causing drug accumulation and increased adverse effects

Answer 16

nephrotoxicity

Question 17

reactions between living system and drugs drug actions on target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions

Answer 17

pharmacodynamics

Question 18

study of genetic variations that result in interindividual differences in drug response

Answer 18

pharmacogenetics

Question 19

drug movement through the body to reach sites of action Absorption,Distribution,metabolism and excretion

Answer 19

pharmacokinetics

Question 20

drugs initally inactive and exert no pharmacologic effects until they are metabolized

Answer 20

prodrugs

Question 21

many drugs form a compound with plasma proteins,mainly albumin,which act as carriers allows part of a drug dose to be stored and released as needed

Answer 21

protein binding

Question 22

a laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time

Answer 22

serum drug level

Question 23

also called elimination half-life is the time required for the serum concentration of to decrease by 50 %

Answer 23

serum half-life

Question 24

cns stimulations agitation,cofusion,hallucinations,psychosis seizres from substance abuse ocp

Answer 24

cns adverse effects

Question 25

nasua,voniting,constipation,diarrhea, from antibotics,iburofen nonstaroid antiflammation

Answer 25

GI adverse effects

Question 26

excessive bleeding,clot formation throbosis bown marrow depression anemias associated with anicoagulants and thrombolyics bone marrow is from anticancer drugs

Answer 26

hematologic adverse effects

Question 27

hepitits ,liver dyfunction or failure,biliary disfunction diorder acetaminophen Tylenol isoniazid,inh,methotrexate trexall

Answer 27

hepatic adverse effects

Question 28

nephritis, renal insufficiency or failure using antimicrobial agents, e. g. gentamicin,aminoglycosides, nonsteroidal anti-infammatory agents, ibuprofen

Answer 28

NEPHROTOXICITY

Question 29

allergy which may accure with almost all drugs

Answer 29

HYPERSENITIVITY

Question 30

allergic reaction,damage to tissue,interfering with body heat

Answer 30

FEAVER

Question 31

unexpected reaction to a drug accurs first time its given

Answer 31

IDIOSYNCRASY

Question 32

WITH MIND ALTERING DRUGS SUCH AS OPIOID ANALGESICS,SEDATIVE-HYNOTIC AGENT,ANTIANXIETY CNS STIMULANTS .physiologic is the symptoms and psychological lead to drug seeking

Answer 32

DRUG DEPENDENCE

Question 33

ABILITY FOR SUBSTANCE TO CAUSE CANCER SOME HORMONE AND ANTICANER DRUGS

Answer 33

CARCINOGENICITY

Question 34

THE ABILITY OF SUBSTANCE TO CAUSE ABNORMAL | FETAL DEVELOPMENT WHEN TAKEN BY MOM. ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUDS AND STAIN CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DRUGS

Answer 34

TERATOGENICITY

Question 35

Cells are dynamic "factories" that Take in raw materials Manufacture products required to maintain bodily functions Deliver those manufactured products to the appropriate destination within the body Differ from one tissue to another

Answer 35

Cellular Physiology

Question 36

Exchange materials with immediate environment Obtain energy from nutrients Duplicate themselves Communicate with one another via biologic chemicals

Answer 36

Cells can

Question 37

Drugs must reach and interact with cell membrane to affect cellular function Most drugs are given for systemic effect Transport pathways and mechanisms move drug molecules through the body

Answer 37

Drug Transport Through Cell Membranes

Question 38

Onset of drug action is determined by rate of absorption Factors that affect rate and extent of drug absorption Dosage form, route of administration Administration site blood flow, GI function

Answer 38

Absorption

Question 39

Drugs are carried by blood and tissue fluids to Action sites Metabolism sites Excretion sites Depends on adequacy of blood circulation

Answer 39

Distribution process

Question 40

Distribution process affect

Answer 40

Protein binding Blood-brain barrier Pregnancy Lactation

Question 41

inactivated or biotransformed ,Drugs changed to Inactive metabolites Active metabolites Prodrugs

Answer 41

Metabolic process

Question 42

Drug-metabolizing enzymes are located within

Answer 42

``` Kidneys Liver Red blood cells, plasma Lungs Gastrointestinal mucosa ```

Question 43

Factors that affect drug metabolism

Answer 43

Enzyme induction | Enzyme inhibition

Question 44

is the transport of drug molecules within the body.

Answer 44

Distribution

Question 45

is the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated.

Answer 45

Absorption

Question 46

A laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular timeDosage, absorption Bioavailability, half-life Rates of metabolism, excretion

Answer 46

Serum drug level

Question 47

Minimum effective concentration (MEC) must be present for efficacy

Answer 47

Minimum effective concentration (MEC) must be present for efficacy

Question 48

Excessive level of medication in bloodstream; caused by Single large dose Repeated small doses Slow metabolism of medication

Answer 48

Toxic concentration

Question 49

Activation, inactivation, or alteration of intracellular enzymes Changes in the permeability of cell membranes to one or more ions Modification of the synthesis, release, or inactivation of neurohormones

Answer 49

Drugs exert their effects by chemically binding with receptor cells through

Question 50

``` Relatively few drugs do not act on receptor sites. Antacids Osmotic diuretics Several anticancer drugs Metal chelating agents ```

Answer 50

Nonreceptor Drug Actions

Question 51

Nonreceptor Drug Actions DOSAGE

Answer 51

Frequency, size, number of doses

Question 52

Nonreceptor ROUTE OF ADMINISTATION

Answer 52

Influences absorption and distribution Drug-diet interactions Drug-drug interactions

Question 53

Interactions that can INCREASE therapeutic or adverse effects

Answer 53

Interactions that can INCREASE therapeutic or adverse effects

Question 54

Interactions in which drug effects are decreased DECREASED

Answer 54

Antidote medication Decreased intestinal absorption of drugs Increased metabolism rate of drugs

Question 55

treatment TOXICY

Answer 55

Starting treatment soon after ingestion Supporting and stabilizing vital function Preventing anymore damage by Reducing absorption Increasing elimination Administering antidotes whenever possible