Pharmacology: Infectious Disease

Question 1

What is a medication used to prevent and to treat malaria in areas where malaria is known to be sensitive to its effects

Answer 1

Chloroquine

Question 2

What drug has been long been used in the treatment or prevention of malaria from Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.?

Answer 2

Chloroquine

Question 3

__________ has been extensively used in mass drug administrations

Answer 3

Chloroquine

Question 4

__________ has contributed to the emergence and spread of resistance. So what do you have to do when prescribing it?

Answer 4

Chloroquine

Check if chloroquine is still effective in the region prior to using it.

In areas where resistance is present, other antimalarials, such as mefloquine or atovaquone

*problem is that resistance patterns are really big with malaria ( almost ineffective in most endemic areas) **

Question 5

Chloroquine is also used in the tx of what?

Answer 5

amoebic liver abscess

Question 6

___________ may be used instead of or in addition to other medications in the event of failure of improvement _____________

Answer 6

Chloroquine

metronidazole

Question 7

Side effects of Chloroquine?

Answer 7

Side effects include neuromuscular, hearing, gastrointestinal symptoms

Seizures

Deafness or tinnitus.

Question 8

Chloroquine eye reactions? side effects

Answer 8

chloroquine retinopathy ( can be permanent), cardiovascular (rare), and blood reactions.

Question 9

Chloroquine skin reactions? side effects

Answer 9

Skin reactions: itchiness, skin color changes, hair loss, and skin rashes

Question 10

___________ has not been shown to have any harmful effects on the fetus when used for _________ ____________.

Answer 10

Chloroquine

malarial prophylaxis

Question 11

Sold under the trade name Daraprim?

Answer 11

Pyrimethamine

Question 12

Medication used with leucovorin to treat toxoplasmosis and cystoisosporiasis?

Answer 12

Pyrimethamine

Question 13

medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine?

Answer 13

Folinic acid (leucovorin)

*Floniic acid is used to cut back on some of the toxic effects of what the drugs have **

Question 14

What is a second line option to prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in people with HIV/AIDS?

Answer 14

Pyrimethamine

Question 15

What drug is primarily active against Plasmodium falciparum and P. Vivax?

Answer 15

Pyrimethamine

Question 16

Used in combination with sulfadiazine to treat active toxoplasmosis?

Answer 16

Pyrimethamine

Question 17

Pyrimethamine MOA?

Answer 17

Interferes with the regeneration of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolate by competitively inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase.

Question 18

What is Tetrahydrofolic acid essential for ?

Answer 18

DNA and RNA synthesis in many species, including protozoa

Question 19

Sulfadiazine (co-agent) MOA?

Answer 19

It eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folate inside the bacterial cell

Question 20

In combination, ________ and ___________ used to treat toxoplasmosis

Answer 20

sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

Question 21

Antimalarial medication used in both the treatment and prevention of malaria?

Answer 21

atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone, Malanil)

Question 22

_________ alone is not indicated for treatment or prevention of malaria as monotherapy (i.e., without proguanil).

Answer 22

Atovaquone

*not used as a primary agent any more because of malarial resistance , parasite inflections all boil down to folate inhibition **

Question 23

Atovaquone MOA?

Answer 23

selectively inhibits the malarial cytochrome bc1 complex in the parasitic electron transport chain, collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential

Question 24

Proguanil MOA?

Answer 24

via its metabolite cycloguanil, functions as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, halting parasitic deoxythymidilate synthesis

Question 25

Because some strains of malaria are resistant, ________ is not effective for malaria prevention in all parts of the world.

Answer 25

Malarone

Question 26

atovaquone/proguanil must be taken with what? and why?

Answer 26

It must be taken with a fatty meal or at least some milk to be absorbed adequately

Question 27

What is Spiramycin?

Answer 27

Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic and antiparasitic

Question 28

Spiramycin is used to treat ____________ and various other infections of soft tissues.

Answer 28

toxoplasmosis

Question 29

When do you need special permission from the FDA for toxoplasmosis?

Answer 29

first trimester of pregnancy

Question 30

Sold under the brand name Biltricide among others?

Answer 30

Praziquantel

Question 31

Medication used to treat a number of types of parasitic worm infections?

Answer 31

Praziquantel

Question 32

What is Praziquantel used for?

Answer 32

Used for schistosomiasis, tapeworm infections and other fluke infections *you never see it under the generic name **

Question 33

Praziquantel side effects?

Answer 33

Side effects may include poor coordination, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and allergic reactions

Question 34

Praziquantel preg / lactation?

Answer 34

It may be used during pregnancy, it is not recommended for use during breastfeeding

Question 35

Praziquantel class?

Answer 35

Class anthelmintic It works partly by affecting the function of the worm's sucker

Question 36

How praziquantel works ?

Answer 36

anti-helminth are really targeted to how the worm attaches, it may not kill the worm but it inhibits the function of the worm and maybe how it attaches to the mucosa

Question 37

Primary used of BCG vaccine?

Answer 37

TB

Question 38

In countries where tuberculosis is common one dose is recommended in healthy babies , when?

Answer 38

close to the time of birth as possible

Question 39

BCG has a protective effect against?

Answer 39

leprosy *Leprosy type lesions then the person probably did not get the BCG vaccine **

Question 40

Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized but are frequently exposed to drug ____________ may be immunized as well with what vaccine?

Answer 40

resistant tuberculosis BCG vaccine

Question 41

Tinidazole is ?

Answer 41

Sporinex, Tindamax

Question 42

Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug used against _________ infections

Answer 42

Protozoan

Question 43

Used as a treatment for a variety of amoebic and parasitic infections?

Answer 43

Tinidazole (Sporinex, Tindamax)

Question 44

Data exists to support use of __________ for infections from amoebae, giardia, and trichomonas, just like __________________

Answer 44

tinidazole metronidazole (Flagyl)

Question 45

Fluconazole class?

Answer 45

antifungal

Question 46

Fluconazole uses?

Answer 46

Candidiasis Blastomycosis Coccidiodomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Dermatophytosis and pityriasis versicolor *used PO and IV, cardiac surgery or immunocompromised then they are usually on it for life, simply form yeast infections all the way to HIV patients on it for life ( broad spectrum) **

Question 47

What is also used to prevent candidiasis in those who are at high risk such as follow organ transplantation and post op cardiac surgery?

Answer 47

Fluconazole