Pharmacology of Mental Disorders: Part 1

Question 1

Large band of nerve fibers through which information flows back and forth between the left and the right hemispheres of the brain

Answer 1

Corpus collosum

Question 2

The relay station for most information going into the brain

Answer 2

Thalamus

Question 3

Regulates sex hormones, blood pressure and body temperature

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

Question 4

The master gland of the body produces its own hormones and also influences the hormonal production of the other glands in the body

Answer 4

Pituitary gland

Question 5

Regulates the heartbeat and other visceral functions and processes the emotion fear (emotionally charged memories)

Answer 5

Amygdala

Question 6

Helps establish long term memory in regions of cerebral cortex

Answer 6

Hippocampus

Question 7

Control of breathing, circulation, heartbeat, and digestion (located at the top of the spinal cord)

Answer 7

Pons and medulla oblongata

Question 8

Essential for coordination of movement

Answer 8

Cerebellum

Question 9

A control system for movement and cognitive functions

Answer 9

Basal ganglia

Question 10

The nervous system is divided into what two major parts

Answer 10

The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System

Question 11

What parts of the brain/body make up the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 11

• Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem)

- Spinal Cord

Question 12

The ______ system is made up of thick bundles of axons, called nerves, carrying messages back and forth between the CNS and the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body (everything outside the CNS).

Answer 12

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 13

The peripheral nervous system has two major subdivisions:

Answer 13

the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Question 14

The _____ system is associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. It is involved in the relay of sensory and motor info to and from the CNS. Therefore, it consists of motor neurons and sensory neurons.

Answer 14

somatic

Question 15

_____ neurons, carrying information from the CNS to the muscles (for muscle control), are efferent fibers (efferent means moving away from)

Answer 15

motor

Question 16

______ neurons, carrying sensitive information to the CNS, are afferent fibers (afferent means moving toward) Ex: A touch or painful stimulus creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent nerves.

Answer 16

sensory

Question 17

The __________ nervous system controls our internal organs and glands and is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control.

Answer 17

Autonomic

Question 18

The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into the ________ and ________ divisions

Answer 18

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 19

The _______ nervous system is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities

Answer 19

sympathetic

Question 20

the ___________ nervous system is associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations

Answer 20

parasympathetic

Question 21

The two systems have complementary functions, operating in tandem to maintain the body’s homeostasis

Answer 21

Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels

Question 22

The ________ system refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes the crainial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junctions

Answer 22

peripheral

Question 23

What system and what type do the following nerves belong to?

• Olfactory
• Optic
• Oculomotor
• Trochlear
• Trigeminal
• Abducen
• Vestibulocochlear
• Glossopharyngeal
• Vagus
• Spinal Accessory
• Hypoglossal

Answer 23

Peripheral nervous system, all are cranial nerves

Question 24

The following 31 nerves belong to what system and what type are they?

• 8 cervical nerves
• 12 thoracic nerves
• 5 lumbar nerves
• 5 sacral nerves
• One coccygeal nerve

Answer 24

Peripheral, spinal nerves

Question 25

this is the sensory root of a spinal nerve, which carries sensory information to the spinal cord. Contains afferent (sensory) fibers. They have ascending neural pathways --- Spinal ganglion or dorsal root ganglion. Enter cord at dorsolateral sulcus.

Answer 25

Dorsal root

Question 26

The ____ root is a motor nerve, has efferent fibers, descending neural pathways, and efferent axons that leave through ventrolateral sulcus

Answer 26

Ventral root

Question 27

What system pertains to voluntary control, extremities, structures of body wall (skin, bones, joints, skeletal muscle)

Answer 27

Somatic nervous system

Question 28

The _____ is made up of the telencephalon (also known as the cerebrum) and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Answer 28

Forebrain

Question 29

The ______ is involved in behavior, motor functions, higher mental functions, sensory functions

Answer 29

cerebrum

Question 30

The ________ is made up of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, corpus striatum, and olfactory bulb. It is the anterior portion of the brain, rostral to the midbrain.

Answer 30

Telencephalon (cerebrum)

Question 31

The ______ posterior part of the forebrain and is made up of the hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland

Answer 31

Diencephalon

Question 32

What part of the brain consists of two "horns" that curve back from the amygdala?

Answer 32

Hippocampus

Question 33

What part of the brain is associated with the creature with the upper body of a horse and the lower body of a dolphin or fish.

Answer 33

Hippocampus. Greek mythology - Poseidon's chariot was drawn by a team of hippocampi. Other gods of the sea are often shown sitting or riding on such animals.

Question 34

What did Steven Heckers say about the hippocampus in the American Journal of Psychiatry?

Answer 34

That there was "compelling evidence" that a portion of the hippocampus was activated and "is impaired in early psychosis," with this activity being related to "hyperactivity of the region in question, which is the anterior hippocampus."

Question 35

More from Dr. Steven Heckers

Answer 35

- The hippocampus allows formation of and recall of memory, as well as orientation to and navigation in space. - "Normal hippocampal function depends upon a balance of excitation and inhibition of the nerve cells that comprise the structure." - The author "an imbalance of these forces has a causal role in the development of schizophrenia -- typically beginning with a "first episode" of psychosis, in the late teen or early adult years."

Question 36

The _____ is the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation

Answer 36

Amygdala

Question 37

What part of the brain appears to be very important in converting things that are "in your mind" at the moment (in short-term memory) into things that you will remember for the long run (long-term memory)?

Answer 37

Hippocampus

Question 38

The _______ are two almond shaped masses of neurons on either side of the thalamus at the lower end of the hippocampus

Answer 38

Amygdalas

Question 39

The _______ is the part of the cerebrum that lies closest to the limbic system, just above the corpus collosum.

Answer 39

Cingulate gyrus. It provides a pathway from the thalamus to the hippocampus, seems to be responsible for focusing attention on emotionally significant events, and for associating memories to smells and pain

Question 40

The ______ which lies in front of the thalamus, has areas that seem to be centers for orgasm

Answer 40

Septum

Question 41

If this part of the brain is damaged, a person cannot build new memories, and lives instead in a strange world where everything they experience just fades away, even while older memories from the time before damage are untouched

Answer 41

Hippocampus

Question 42

When the _____ is stimulated electrically, animals respond with aggression

Answer 42

Amygdala

Question 43

If the _____ is removed, animals get very tame and no longer respond to things that would have caused rage before. Animals also become indifferent to stimuli that would have otherwise have caused fear or even sexual responses.

Answer 43

Amygdala

Question 44

The ___________ area of the brain stem (just below the thalamus) consists of dopamine pathways that seem to be responsible for pleasure. People with damage here tend to have difficulty getting pleasure in life, and often turn to alcohol, drugs, sweets, and gambling.

Answer 44

Ventral tegmental area

Question 45

The ________ (including the ______, _______, ______ and ______) lie over and to the sides of the limbic system and are tightly connected with the cortex above them. They are responsible for repetitive behaviors, reward experiences, and focusing attention.

Answer 45

Basal ganglia, the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra

Question 46

The ______ contains superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

Answer 46

midbrain

Question 47

_________ receives and integrates visual information

Answer 47

Superior colliculi

Question 48

____________ receives and integrates auditory info

Answer 48

Inferior colliculi

Question 49

The _____ or _____ is made of the cerebellum, medulla, and pons

Answer 49

Hindbrain or Brainstem

Question 50

Name some of the brainstem functions

Answer 50

- cardiac functions - respiratory functions - control of the diameter of small arteries, thus the blood pressure - reflexes controlling heart rate - vomiting, coughing, sneezing, & swallowing reflexes - reflexes for eye pupil & some eye movements

Question 51

The _____ consists of two main hemispheres, is the largest part of the brain, and represents 7/8ths of total weight of CNS

Answer 51

Cerebrum

Question 52

The cerebrum has two layers: ______ and _____

Answer 52

cortex layer and interior layer

Question 53

The ____ consists of a thin layer of gray matter

Answer 53

the cortex layer

Question 54

The _____ layer consists of white matter, tracts, and nuclei (gray matter where synapses occur)

Answer 54

Interior layer

Question 55

The cerebrum has two hemispheres

Answer 55

The left hemisphere - receives afferent input on the right side of the body and the right hemisphere - receives afferent input and initiates efferent input on the left side of the body

Question 56

The cerebrum consists of:

Answer 56

- Frontal lobe - Parietal lobe - Temporal lobe - Occipital lobe - Basal ganglia - Thalamus - Hypothalamus

Question 57

The _______ is responsible for higher intellectual functions such as abstract thinking, judgment, reasoning, impulse control, planning, memory, and higher order reasoning

Answer 57

Frontal lobe

Question 58

The _______ contains the post central gyrus which is the receptive area for highest integration and coordination of interpretation. Processes, sensations, pain sensations, temperature, form, shape, texture, pressure & position, & some memory functions

Answer 58

Parietal lobe

Question 59

The ________ is under the frontal and parietal lobes and receives auditory stimuli, aids in memory, dreams, emotions, visual perceptions

Answer 59

Temporal lobe

Question 60

The ________ is the posterior of hemispheres. Receives, interprets, translates, and retransmits visual stimuli for action

Answer 60

Occipital lobe

Question 61

The ______ contains the Extrapyrimidal system which is responsible for postural adjustment, gross voluntary movement, automatic movements, & feedback system for movement

Answer 61

Basal ganglia

Question 62

The ________ is a large, bilateral egg shaped mass of gray matter located deep & near the midline of cerebral hemispheres. It is the relay center for sensory inputs.

Answer 62

Thalamus

Question 63

The ___________ controls the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic). It is the pathway of emotions that influence body functions. It regulates electrolytes & body water

Answer 63

Hypothalamus

Question 64

_______________ secretes hormones regulated by the pituitary gland (release of sex, thyroid & adrenal hormones), maintains arousal system (sleepfulness & wakefulness). It maintains normal body temperature and is part of appetite regulation.

Answer 64

Hypothalamus

Question 65

Receiving inputs include:

Answer 65

- Nucleus of the solitary tract - Reticular formation - retina - limbic and olfactory systems - Hypothalamus (some of)

Question 66

This nucleus collects all of the visceral information from the vagus and relays it to the hypothalamus and other targets. Info includes blood pressure and gut distension.

Answer 66

Nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 67

This catchall nucleus in the brainstem receives a variety of inputs from the spinal cord. Among them is info about skin temp, which is relayed to the hypothalamus.

Answer 67

Reticular formation

Question 68

In the retina, some fibers from the optic nerve go directly to a small nucleus within the hypothalamus called the ___________. This nucleus reglulates circadian rhythms, and couples the rhythms to the light/dark circles.

Answer 68

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 69

In the limbic and olfactory systems, structures such as the _______, _______, and ________ project to the hypothalamus, and probably help to regulate behaviors such as eating and reproduction

Answer 69

Amydala, the hippocampus, and the olfactory cortex

Question 70

Language areas are located in the ____ hemisphere in all _____ handed individuals and 85% of ___ handed

Answer 70

left, right, left

Question 71

The _______ has receptive functions & interpretations for language

Answer 71

Wernicke's area, receptive aphasia, Wernike's aphasia

Question 72

Broca's area

Answer 72

expressive functions, damage results in motor aphasia

Question 73

Results in labored, stilted speech in which the speaker drops words and can only speak in short sentences

Answer 73

Broca's aphasia

Question 74

Results in speech that uses the wrong words, nonsense words and the like. People with this type of aphasia can speak as if fluently (no stopping, no labor), but the words often come out strange. They also have difficult understanding the speech of others.

Answer 74

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 75

Combination of Broca's and Wernicke's forms of aphasia. Results in severe limitations of speech and a general liability to comprehend the language of others.

Answer 75

Global aphasia

Question 76

Responsible for the maintenance of equilibrium, & balance of trunk, regulation of muscle tension, spinal & nerve reflexes, posture & balance of limbs. Regulation of coordination of fine limb movements.

Answer 76

Cerebellum