Pharmacology of Mental Disorders Part 2

Question 1

Brain cells are made up of _____ and ______.

Answer 1

Neurons and Glial cells

Question 2

______ are the principle info carriers

Answer 2

neurons

Question 3

______ are the supporting cells

Answer 3

Glial cells

Question 4

The _____ or cell body is the primary portion of the neuron

Answer 4

soma; in the soma is a nucleus with chromosomal material

Question 5

From the _____ project _____ that have “branches or spikes” that protrude

Answer 5

neurons, dendrites

Question 6

______ receive neurotransmitter messages from other nerve cells

Answer 6

Dendrites (receivers)

Question 7

_____ are generally longer than dendrites & send messages among neurons. Some projections can extend a meter or 30 inches. Transmit great distances.

Answer 7

Axons (the conducting fiber)

Question 8

Some axons are encased in a group of fat cells called the ________

Answer 8

myelin sheath. serves to insulate the nerve.

Question 9

The axon ends with a projection called the ______, ______, _____, etc.

Answer 9

synaptic foot, terminal button, bouton

Question 10

____ of cells in brain are _____ cells

Answer 10

85%, glial

Question 11

_____ act as guideposts for migrating neurons

Answer 11

glial cells (supporters, dispose of waste, provide cell nourishment)

Question 12

Glial cells act as _____ between neurons and prevent neuronal impulses from spreading in unwanted directions. They remove the foreign material and cell debris by _________. Repair the damaged areas of nervous tissue by _______ (gliosis) they form glial scar tissue, and fill the gaps left by degenerated neurons.

Answer 12

Insulators, phagocytosis, proliferation

Question 13

_______ and ______ are types of glial cells

Answer 13

Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte

Question 14

_______ are star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons:

1) Clean up brain “debris”
2) Transport nutrients to neurons
3) hold neurons in place
4) digest part of dead neurons
5) regulate content of extracellular space

Answer 14

Astrocyte (Astroglia)

Question 15

__________ myelinate tracts

Answer 15

Oligodendrocytes, Oligodendroglia provide insulation to neurons in the CNS

Question 16

_________ are concerned with exchanges of materials between brain and cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 16

Ependymal cells

Question 17

______ like astrocytes, digest parts of dead neurons

Answer 17

Microglia

Question 18

___________ physical support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 18

satellite cells

Question 19

_______ provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 19

Schwann cells

Question 20

The cell wall of a neuron is ________

Answer 20

Semipermeable

Question 21

The membrane is acted upon by _______ and _________

Answer 21

Electrical gradient and concentration gradient

Question 22

__________ tendency for ions to move from areas of high charge to areas of lower charge

Answer 22

electrical gradient

Question 23

____________ tendency for ions to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Answer 23

concentration gradient

Question 24

In the sodium potassium pump, as impulse travels sodium levels ______ and potassium levels ______

Answer 24

Increase, decrease

Question 25

Facts about the sodium potassium pump

Answer 25

- Membrane mechanism that actively transports ions across the membrane - Pumps 3 Na (Sodium) ions out of the cell and 2 K (potassium) ions into the cell on each cycle - K ions tend to leak back out due to the concentration gradient further increasing the negativity of the inside of the cell

Question 26

When the voltage on the inside of the cell reaches ____ or threshold voltage the channel opens and _____ ions enter the cell

Answer 26

55v, sodium

Question 27

A chain reaction begins causing the _____ ions to spread down the axon

Answer 27

sodium

Question 28

Change on the voltage of the inside of the cell occurs when the _____ enter the voltage activated channels. This is the ______ or nerve impulse.

Answer 28

Sodium, action potential

Question 29

Action potential facts

Answer 29

- Obeys the all or nothing law - When the action starts, you always get a full size action potential - The charge is as great at the end as the beginning - Causes vesicles to dump neurotransmitter substances in cleft (end or foot of one neuron & dendrite of next neuron)

Question 30

Drug Receptor Interactions

Answer 30

- Drug molecules must attach to specific receptors | - Affinity for a particular drug molecule is the degree of specificity of the drug to that receptor

Question 31

____________ are chemical substances that tranmit messages from neuron to neuron.

Answer 31

Neurotransmitter substances

Question 32

What two factors are essential for the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal

Answer 32

1) depolarization of the terminal and | 2) the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular fluid

Question 33

Neurotrasmitter substances:

Answer 33

- Diffuse across the gap or synapse --- speeds or slows the firing of the neuron depending on whether it is excitatory or inhibitory in nature - Constructed from precursor chemicals abundant in body - Stored in synapse