PHARMACOLOGY PART 3

Question 1

the method by which
a drug dose is made available to the body

Answer 1

Drug administration:

Question 2

physical state of the drug
in association with nondrug components

ex: Tabs, caps, injectables

Answer 2

Drug Dosage Forms-

Question 3

is the portal of
entry for the drug into the body

ex: oral(enteral, injection, or inhalation

Answer 3

The route of administration

Question 4

active ingredient

Answer 4

drug

Question 5

gelatinous material that allows
drug to be swallowed

Answer 5

capsule

Question 6

Preservatives, propellants for MDI, dispersants
(surfactants) and carrier agents with DPI

Answer 6

Aerosol agents

Question 7

refers literally to the small
intestines

more broadly applicable to administration of
drugs intended for absorption anywhere along
the GIT

Answer 7

enteral

Question 8

most common route bec it is convenient,
painless and offers flexibility in possible

Answer 8

mouth

Question 9

means beside the intestines

Answer 9

parental

Question 10

bolus or steady infusion

Answer 10

Intravenous(IV)

Question 11

injected deep into the
skeletal muscle

Answer 11

Intramuscular (IM)

Question 12

gases and aerosolized agents

Answer 12

Inhalational-

Question 13

skin, eyes, nasal drops

Answer 13

Topical

Question 14

What are the 5 routes of administration?

Answer 14

Enteral, Parental, Transdermal, Inhalational,Topical

Question 15

The time course and disposition of drug in the body. Absorption, metabolism, and elimination

Answer 15

Pharmacokinetics

Question 16

The drug will go into the blood stream that will be transport all throughout the body

Answer 16

systemic effect

Question 17

This can lead to unwanted effects

Answer 17

local effect

Question 18

describes what the body to to the drugs

Answer 18

Pharmacokinetics

Question 19

describes what the drug does to the body

Answer 19

pharmacodynamics

Question 20

4 absorption in pharmacokinetic phase

Answer 20

Aqueous Diffusion

Lipid Diffusion

Carrier-mediated Transport

Pinocytosis

Question 21

factors affecting absorption

Answer 21

Route of administration

Bioavailability- is used to indicate the proportion
of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Blood flow to the site of absorption

Question 22

is used to indicate the proportion
of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Answer 22

bioavailability

Question 23

is the process by which a
drug is transported to its site of
action, eliminated, or stored.

Answer 23

distribution

Question 24

primary site of drug metabolism
and biotransformation

Answer 24

liver

Question 25

Liver contains ____ that convert lipophilic(lipid-soluble) drug molecule into water-soluble metabolites that are more easily excreted.

Answer 25

intracellular enzymes

Question 26

major enzyme system in the liver

Answer 26

cytochrome P450

Question 27

Rifampin can induce _____ and increase the metabolism of several drugs, including warfarin and oral contraceptives

Answer 27

CYP enzymes

Question 28

cigarette smoking can increase the breakdown of _____ in patients with chronic lung disease, shortening the half-life of the drug from approximately ______

Answer 28

theophylline 7.0 to 4.3 hours

Question 29

The primary site of drug excretion in the body is the is important for removing drug metabolites produced by the live

Answer 29

kidney

Question 30

site of much drug metabolism

Answer 30

liver

Question 31

is a measure of the ability of the body to rid itself of a drug. Most often, is expressed as total systemic or plasma clearance to emphasize that all of the various mechanisms by which a given drug is cleared (e.g., metabolism, excretion) are taken into account.

Answer 31

clearance

Question 32

refers to a hypothetical volume of plasma that is completely cleared of all drug over a given period. Consequently, Clp is usually expressed as liters per hour (L/hr) or, if body weight is taken into account, liters per hour per kilogram

Answer 32

PLASMA CLEARANCE

Question 33

To achieve a steady level of drug in the body, dosing must equal the rate of elimination: Dosing rate (mg/hr) (CIP)(L/hr) × plasma concentration mg/L)

Answer 33

mAINTENANCE DOSE

Question 34

(T1⁄2) (the time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one-half) is a measure of how quickly a drug is eliminated from the body.

Answer 34

Plasma half life

Question 35

The first-pass metabolism of three common inhaled aerosol drugs is a

Answer 35

Albuterol: 50% * Budesonide: 90% * Terbutaline: 90%

Question 36

plasma half life of common drugs

Answer 36

Acetaminophen 2 Amoxicillin 1.7 Azithromycin 40 Digoxin 39 Gabapentin 6.5 Morphine 1.9 Paroxetine 17 Terbutaline 14

Question 37

is exemplified by a nasally inhaled vasoconstricting agent (decongestant), such as oxymetazoline (Afrin), or by an inhaled bronchodilator aerosol, such as albuterol (Proventil-HFA, Ventolin-HFA, Proair HFA), to dilate the lower airways.

Answer 37

local effect

Question 38

exemplified by the administration of inhaled zanamivir (Relenza) to treat influenza, inhaled morphine for pain control, or inhaled insulin aerosol for systemic control of diabetes.2

Answer 38

systemic effect

Question 39

s used in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis are intended for a local, targeted effect in the lung and airway

Answer 39

inhaled aerosols

Question 40

y. The traditional percentages given for stomach and airway proportions, based on Newman’s is

Answer 40

90% (stomach) and 10% (airway)

Question 41

Approximately ------ of the drug impacts in the mouth or oropharynx and contributes to the 90% reaching the stomach

Answer 41

50% to 60%

Question 42

Lung deposition with an inhaled -----, has been reported as 15% with a pressurized MDI (pMDI) and 32% with a-----

Answer 42

corticosteroid, budesonide (Pulmicort) DPI (Pulmicort Turbuhaler; AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delawar

Question 43

It is thought that aerosol drugs interact with the site of action in the airway: secretions in the lumen, nerve endings, cells (e.g., mast cells), or bronchial smooth muscle in the airway wall

Answer 43

inhaled portion

Question 44

Factors Increasing Lung Availability/ Total Systemic Availability (L/T) Ratio with Inhaled Drugs

Answer 44

* Efficient delivery devices (high airway and low gastrointestinal delivery) * Inhaled drugs with high first-pass metabolism * Mouthwashing, including rinsing and spitting * Use of a reservoir device (spacer, holding chamber) to decrease oropharyngeal deposition and swallowed drug amount

Question 45

Using an MDI, approximately--- of the inhaled drug reaches the lung, with --- going to the stomach. With complete absorption from the stomach, half of this 70% is broken down in the liver, so that --- reaches the systemic circulation. The total amount of the original 100% dose reaching the circulation is ---- (lung, 30%; stomach and liver, 35%). Because 30% of the 65% comes from the lung, this gives an L/T ratio of 30/65 $

Answer 45

30%,70%,35%, 65%,0.46.

Question 46

describes the mechanism of activity by which drugs cause their effects in the body. The principal concept is the drug target protein (e.g., drug receptor).

Answer 46

pharmacodynamics

Question 47

are any cell component that combines with a drug to change or enhance the function of the cell

Answer 47

receptor

Question 48

The relationship between the chemical structure of a drug and its clinical effect or activity is termed the

Answer 48

structure-activity relationship (SAR).

Question 49

MEASURE OF HOW QUICLY THE DRUG IS ELIMINATED FORM THE BODY

Answer 49

PLASMA CLEARANCE