Phase One: Week Five Flashcards by Emma Caney

What are some functions of the ECM?

Mechanical and structural support
Tensile strength
Determines cell microenvironment 
Anchors cells
sequesters growth factors
Resistance to phagocytic cells
Establishes cell niches

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Give four examples of GAGs

Chondroitin sulphate
Hyaluronic acid
Keratin sulphate
Heparin sulphate

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Where is chondroitin sulphate found?

Cartilage

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Where is heparin sulphate found?

Basement membrane

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Where is keratin sulphate found?

Cartilage

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Give four examples of proteoglycan

Aggrecan
Syndecan
Perlecan
Decorin

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What GAGs compose Aggrecan?

Chondroitin sulphate and keratin sulphate.

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What GAGs compose Decorin?

Chondroitin sulphate and Dermatan sulphate

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What GAGs compose Perlecan?

Heparin sulphate

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What GAGs compose Syndecan?

Chondroitin sulphate and heparin sulphate

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Give five examples of glycoproteins found in the ECM

Fibrilin
Fibronectin
Laminin
Entactin
Tenascin

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What is the role of Laminin?

Primary BM organiser

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What is the role of Fibronectin?

Linker in Basement membrane

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What is the role of fibrilin?

Elastin organiser

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What is the role of Entactin?

Linker in BM

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What is the role of Tenascin?

Linker in connective tissue

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What is mutated in Marfan’s syndrome?

Fibrilin-1

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What is the composition of bone?

65%: inorganic: hydroxyapatite

35: organic: mainly collage type one with non-collagenous proteins, including Osteonectin and osteocaclin

What are Volkmann’s canals?

Volkmann’s canals are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals. The perforating canals provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons.

What are canaliculi?

Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi.

What are the four main arteries that supply bone?

Nutrient: enters the centre periosteum and supplies the whole medullary cavity.
Epiphyseal
Metaphyseal
Periosteal

What is the role of the nutrient arteries?

This artery enters the shaft through the nutrient foramen and runs obliquely through the cortex. In the medullary cavity this artery divides into ascending and descending branches. Each one of these two branches divides into parallel channels that head towards the respective end of the bone. At the place of metaphyses in case of adult bones these branches anastomose with epiphyseal, metaphyseal and periosteal arteries. The nutrient artery in this way nourishes the whole medullary cavity and inner 2/3 of the cortex as well as metaphyses.

What is the role of periosteal arteries?

Periosteal arteries are the arteries of periosteum being especially numerous beneath the muscular and ligamentous attachment. Beneath the periosteum they divide into branches and thereby entering the Volkmann’s canals to supply the outer one third (1/3) portion of the cortex. Remember that the inner 2/3 of the cortex was supplied by the nutrient artery discussed above.

What is the role of the epiphyseal arteries?

These supply the epiphysis

What is the role of metaphyseal arteries?

These arteries are derived from the neighbouring systemic vessels. These arteries directly go into the metaphysis and reinforce the metaphyseal branches of the primary nutrient artery.

What the six types of synovial joints?

Saddle, Hinge, Pivot, Ball-and-Socket, Condyliod, Plane (gliding)

What type of joints are hinge joints?

These are uniaxial joints and only extension and flexion allows. An example is the elbow joint

What type of joint is a Plane joint?

Gliding joints are uniaxial. Their articular surfaces are relatively flat, and they slide over each other from side to side. The angle of the bones does not significantly alter, meaning that movement in this type of joint is fairly limited. An example is in the intercarpal joints.

What are pivot joints?

The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. An example is the proximal radio-ulna joint

what are saddle joints?

Saddle joints are biaxial. These joints are formed between two bones that possess both concave and convex surfaces. The concave surface of one bone will then articulate with the convex surface of another. An example is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

What are Condyliod (ellipsoid) joints?

Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints are biaxial. This joint is formed by the oval, convex condyle of one bone fitting into the oval, concave depression of the opposing bone. Condyloid joints permit rotation around two axes and allow angular movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. An example is the radio-carpal joints.

What are Ball-and-Socket joints?

Ball-and-socket joints are multiaxial. They are the most flexible of the joints in the body and provide almost complete rotation on all axes and planes. Ball-and-socket joints consist of a hemispherical (or spherical) head that fits into a cup-like depression in the opposing bone. An example is the shoulder joint.

What are the three synovial joints that are uniaxial?

Pivot, Plane and Hinge

What are the two synovial joints that are biaxial?

Condyliod and Saddle

What is Osteoarthritis?

Degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone, most common from middle age onward. It causes pain and stiffness, especially in the hip, knee, and thumb joints.

Describe the effects of IL-1 during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis?

IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokines that is capable of inducing chondrocytes and synovial cells to synthesize MMPs. MMPs are involved in cartilage breakdown. IL-1 also suppresses the synthesize of collagen II and proteoglycans. There is a decrease in transforming growth factor-beta stimulated chondrocyte proliferation. IL-1 will increase prostaglandin synthesis.

How is the water content in cartilage regulated?

There is a balance between the two following mechanisms: - compressive force driving water out which is controlled by collagen - hydrostatic and osmotic pressure drawing water in, which is controlled by proteoglycans

Why does the overall water content increases during osteoarthritis?

There is both a decrease in collagen and proteoglycans. However, the loss of proteoglycans is smaller than the loss of collagen, and hence there is a water increase. This is because collagen is responsible for driving water out during the compressive force.

What is the jaw bone called?

The mandible

Where is the styloid and mastoid process located?

Temporal Bone

How many cranial and how many facial bones are there?

There are 8 Cranial and 14 Facial bones.

How many ethmoid and sphenoid bones are there?

One each

What are the 22 Skull bones?

1. Palatine 2. Palatine 3. Temporal 4. Temporal 5. Frontal 6. Occipital 7. Parietal 8. Parietal 9. Mandible 10. Maxilla 11. Maxilla 12. Sphenoid 13. Ethmoid 14. Vomer 15. Nasal 16. Nasal 17. Concha 18. Concha 19. Lacrimal 20. Lacrimal 21. Zygomatic 22. Zygomatic