Philosophical Models Flashcards
(11 cards)
The position that moral judgements have no objectivity, and express nothing other than either purely subjective expressions of personal opinion or purely contingent cultural norms.
Moral Relativism
- The position that moral judgments are simply expressions of personal taste. I.e., the statement “Stealing is wrong” means nothing different than “I do not like stealing.”
- David Hume
Emotivism
The position that morality of an action is determined exclusively by the results of the action.
Consequentialism
- The position that most moral action is that which produces the maximum pleasure for the maximum people
- Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism
William of Ockham (medieval) the position that universal concepts have no reality except in the human mind and that all that exists are discreet particulars
Nominalism
William of Ockham (moral) which holds that the moral law is nothing more than an expression of God’s will, understood as radically arbitrary and having no rationality
Voluntarism
Exaggerated Realism
Plato
St. Augustine
- human beings never discover anything, you are remembering it (ideas exist independently) (soul is imprisoned and wants to leave)
Moderate Realism
Aristotle
St. Thomas Aquinas
- essence really exist on in concrete things (soul is the body)
The position that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest value, associated with the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus
Hedonism
maintained that morality is determined exclusively by duty, which is always the same regardless of circumstances, and regardless of any outcome or consequences
Deontology
Immanuel Kant
The position there are no values or truths which can be known by the human person, but that the person creates his or her own values and truths
Nihilism
- Nietzsche
- novel fathers and sons (Ivan Turgenev)
