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Philosophy 102 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Change or motion

A

The going from potentiality to actuality

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2
Q

End

A

The actuality that is the perfection and completion of a thing

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3
Q

Rest

A

The state or action of being in the actuality that is the end

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4
Q

Nature

A

The principal or cause of being moved and of being at rest in that to which it belongs primarily

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5
Q

Substance

A

The ultimate subject of predication and the ultimate subject of existence; it exists in or through itself

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6
Q

Accident

A

What exists in another as in a subject

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7
Q

Substantial change

A

A change wherein a new substance comes to be, with a new substantial form

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8
Q

Accidental change

A

A change wherein the same substance still exists, but with some new accidental form

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9
Q

Substantial form

A

A form that makes a thing be fundamentally what it is; it makes it be a substance

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10
Q

Accidental form

A

A form that makes a substance be in a certain qualified way

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11
Q

First definition of soul:

A

The form of a natural body having life potentially within it

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12
Q

Second definition of soul:

A

The first actuality of a natural, organized body

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13
Q

Nutritive power

A

Power of the soul whereby the body is preserved in being and quantity.

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14
Q

Augmentative power

A

Power of the soul whereby the body acquires its due quantity

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15
Q

Generative power

A

Power of the soul whereby a new body comes into being

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16
Q

Apprehension

A

The act of a cognitive being wherein it has and becomes another, by having a likeness of that thing

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17
Q

Natural immutation

A

A change in which the form of the thing causing the change is received according to its natural mode of being

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18
Q

Spiritual immutation

A

A change in which the form of the thing causing the change is received according to a kind of spiritual mode, i.e. as a likeness or image

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19
Q

Sense apprehension

A

The act of the living organ of an animal that has received a spiritual immutation and thereby possesses a likeness of the sensible object

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20
Q

Matter

A

A principle of potentiality

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21
Q

Form

A

A principle of actuality

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22
Q

Antiphon’s argument that the nature of a thing is its matter

A

If a bed was planted, wood would grow.
You can tell the nature of a thing by what it generates.
Therefore the nature of a bed is wood.

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23
Q

Aristotle’s argument that the nature of a thing is its form

A

Like generates like.
Generation is only said to be complete when a form like the original exists.
Therefore, form must be most of all what a thing is.

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24
Q

Appetite

A

Inclination toward or desire for things

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25
Sense appetite (sensuality)
The power of inclining to what is apprehended by the senses
26
Natural appetite
An appetite or inclination that follows upon the nature of a thing
27
Fuller sense of appetite
Inclination following upon an apprehension IN the thing itself
28
Imaginative power
The interior sense power of retaining and recalling sense images received from the exterior senses
29
Estimative power
The interior sense power of apprehending sense objects as advantageous or harmful for the individual or species, when the external senses do not perceive them as pleasing or displeasing
30
Memorative power
The interior sense power of retaining "estimations," i.e. what the estimative power apprehends, and of retaining the aspect of "pastness" that can be associated with images
31
Common sense
The interior sense power which unites the sensations of all the exterior senses, and apprehends that one is sensing
32
Passion
A movement in the sense appetite, composed of a disposition in the sense appetite itself, the ‘formal’ part of the passion, and a natural immutation in an organ, the ‘material’ part of the passion
33
Fear
An inclination away from future evil, with some internal bodily movement
34
Desire
An inclination toward possessing something pleasant, with some internal bodily movement
35
Why the intellect must return to the phantasms
The 'proper object' of the human intellect is a corporeal nature existing in an individual instance. The phantasm is an image of an indvidual. Therefore, in order to understand its proper object, the human intellect must return to a phantasm and perceive the nature existing in the individual.
36
Proper object
That which is connatural to an intellect or commensurate with its way of knowing and that through which the knower comes to know other things
37
Incorporeal
An actuality which is neither a body, nor simply the act of a body; not having a material nature
38
Argument that the human soul is incorporeal
The human intellect can know any body. Now whatever knows certain things cannot have any of them in its own nature, because that which is in it naturally would impede the knowledge of anything else in that genus. Thus the intellectual principle (i.e. the human soul) cannot have a material nature.
39
Agent intellect
The power of the intellect that abstracts the intelligible species from the phantasm
40
Phantasm
A sense image, which is an image of a thing in its individuality
41
Abstraction
A process of mental separation, whereby intelligible aspects are grasped, while other aspects are left behind (namely, individuating aspects)
42
Intelligible species
An immaterial likeness of the nature of the known thing without individuating aspects
43
Possible intellect
The power of the intellect in potency to receiving the intelligible species, which once it receives the intelligible species is said to be the ‘subject’ of knowledge
44
Concept
An immaterial likeness of the object known, which the possible intellect forms or expresses, once it possesses the intelligible species
45
Senses
Perceive what is singular/particular
46
Intellect
Perceives what is universal in the thing
47
Argument that the human soul is subsistent
A thing operates as it is, or action follows upon being. Thus, only what exists through itself can operate through itself. The human soul operates through itself in intellection. Therefore, the human soul exists through itself, which is to subsist.
48
Averroes' Argument
The intellectual principle is immaterial and incorruptible. Any form that informs or actualizes corruptible matter must itself be corruptible; for when the matter corrupts, the thing itself corrupts, and of course thereby the form too. Therefore a rational soul is a contradiction/oxymoron.
49
Argument that the soul is not man
1. What performs the action of a man is a man (i.e. action follows upon being). 2. The body and soul composite perform the operations of man, as is clear in sensation. 2a. Sensation is an operation of man. 2b. The body-soul composite forms the operation of man. 3. Therefore, the body and soul composite is man.
50
Argument that the human soul is incorruptible
The rational soul is subsistent. Thus, when the composite corrupts, the human soul survives because it has had its own act of existence all along.
51
Natural sign
The sign points to something because of a natural connection between it and the thing signified
52
Will
The power of being moved by and inclining towards what is apprehended by reason
53
Desire (in the will)
An inclination toward a good to be achieved
54
Rest (in the will)
An adhering in an existing good
55
Deliberation
The act of reason whereby it compares the goodness of things that can be done
56
Choice
Deliberate desire in the will
57
Freedom of choice
An ability to incline to this or that rooted in a) the natural inclination of the will and b) the intellect’s understanding of the ratio boni
58
Freedom of excellence
The condition of having fulfilled the potential of the rational nature
59
The end of man is to know God
Understanding is the 'proper operation' of man. A thing's end is in doing its proper operation most perfectly. The most perfect is in the action with the highest object. God is the highest object, the highest intelligible. Therefore, the end of man is to know God.
60
Proper operation
The action that is most unique and noble in a thing
61
What is the will inclined toward naturally?
1. The good in general 2. The last end, which is happiness or beatitude 3. All those things which belong to the willer according to its nature (namely, knowledge and life)
62
Complementarity
Difference for the sake of working together for the common good
63
Conventional sign
The sign points to something because men agreed to make that connection

Philosophy 102 (7 decks)

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